Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Levels of neurotrophic factors in the hippocampus and amygdala correlate with anxiety- and fear-related behaviour in C57BL6 mice

  • Published:
Journal of Neural Transmission Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

The present study tested whether individual differences in anxiety- and fear-related behaviour are associated with between-subjects variation in postmortem brain levels of selected neurotrophic factors. Naïve C57BL6/J mice of both sexes were subjected either to an elevated plus maze test or to a Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm. Two days after behavioural assays, the mice were sacrificed for postmortem quantification of the protein levels of brain derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in the hippocampus and amygdala. Significant correlations between behavioural measures and postmortem regional neurotrophic factor contents were revealed. The magnitude of anxiety-like behaviour in the elevated plus maze was positively related to dorsal hippocampal BDNF levels, but negatively related to NGF levels in dorsal hippocampus and in the amygdala. On the other hand, the expression of conditioned fear is positively related to amygdala BDNF and NGF levels, and to dorsal hippocampal NGF levels. Our results add to existing reports in human as well as in animals of correlation between anxiety trait and gross measures of hippocampal volume or activation levels. Moreover, a distinction between spontaneous and learned (or conditioned) anxiety/fear would be relevant to the identification of neurotrophin signalling mechanisms in the hippocampus and amygdala implicated in anxiety and related psychopathology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • SG Anagnostaras S Maren MS Fanselow (1995) ArticleTitleScopolamine selectively disrupts the acquisition of contextual fear conditioning in rats Neurobiol Learn Mem 64 191–194 Occurrence Handle8564372 Occurrence Handle10.1006/nlme.1995.0001 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXpvFymu7o%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anagnostaras SG, Maren S, Sage JR, Goodrich S, Fanselow MS (1999) Scopolamine and Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats: dose-effect analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology 21: 731–744. Erratum in: Neuropsychopharmacology 22: following 332

    Google Scholar 

  • SG Anagnostaras SA Josselyn PW Frankland AJ Silva (2000) ArticleTitleComputer-assisted behavioural assessment of Pavlovian fear conditioning in mice Learn Mem 7 58–72 Occurrence Handle10706603 Occurrence Handle10.1101/lm.7.1.58 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7ntF2gug%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DM Bannerman JNP Rawlins SB McHugh RM Deacon BK Yee T Bast WN Zhang HH Pothuizen J Feldon (2004) ArticleTitleRegional dissociations within the hippocampus–memory and anxiety Neurosci Biobehav Rev 28 273–283 Occurrence Handle15225971 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.03.004 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD2czisV2jsA%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O Berton CA McClung RJ Dileone V Krishnan W Renthal SJ Russo D Graham NM Tsankova CA Bolanos M Rios LM Monteggia DW Self EJ Nestler (2006) ArticleTitleEssential role of BDNF in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in social defeat stress Science 311 864–868 Occurrence Handle16469931 Occurrence Handle10.1126/science.1120972 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtFyltr0%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • N Birbaumer R Veit M Lotze M Erb C Hermann W Grodd H Flor (2005) ArticleTitleDeficient fear conditioning in psychopathy: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study Arch Gen Psychiatry 62 799–805 Occurrence Handle15997022 Occurrence Handle10.1001/archpsyc.62.7.799

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ST Bland MJ Schmid A Der-Avakian LR Watkins RL Spencer SF Maier (2005) ArticleTitleExpression of c-fos and BDNF mRNA in subregions of the prefrontal cortex of male and female rats after acute uncontrollable stress Brain Res 1051 90–99 Occurrence Handle15993862 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.brainres.2005.05.065 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXmsVWqsrg%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E Castren (2004) ArticleTitleNeurotrophic effects of antidepressant drugs Curr Opin Pharmacol 4 58–64 Occurrence Handle15018840 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.coph.2003.10.004 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXpsVGjtQ%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E Castren (2005) ArticleTitleIs mood chemistry? Nat Rev Neurosci 6 241–246 Occurrence Handle15738959 Occurrence Handle10.1038/nrn1629 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhslSisbo%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • B Chen D Dowlatshahi GM MacQueen JF Wang LT Young (2001) ArticleTitleIncreased hippocampal BDNF immunoreactivity in subjects treated with antidepressant medication Biol Psychiatry 50 260–265 Occurrence Handle11522260 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01083-6 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXmtFSru7g%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A Contarino L Baca A Kennelly LH Gold (2002) ArticleTitleAutomated assessment of conditioning parameters for context and cued fear in mice Learn Mem 9 89–96 Occurrence Handle11992019 Occurrence Handle10.1101/lm.43002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • SJ Cosoff RJ Hafner (1998) ArticleTitleThe prevalence of comorbid anxiety in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder Aust NZJ Psychiatry 32 67–72 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1440-1614.1998.00374.x Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c3isVymtQ%3D%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SD Croll C Suri DL Compton MV Simmons GD Yancopoulos RM Lindsay SJ Wiegand JS Rudge HE Scharfman (1999) ArticleTitleBrain-derived neurotrophic factor transgenic mice exhibit passive avoidance deficits, increased seizure severity and in vitro hyperexcitability in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex Neuroscience 93 1491–1506 Occurrence Handle10501474 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0306-4522(99)00296-1 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXls1Wisrw%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M Davis (1992) ArticleTitleThe role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety Annu Rev Neurosci 15 353–375 Occurrence Handle1575447 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.002033 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK383ks1Cmsw%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A Degroot D Treit (2002) ArticleTitleDorsal and ventral hippocampal cholinergic systems modulate anxiety in the plus-maze and shock-probe tests Brain Res 949 60–70 Occurrence Handle12213300 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0006-8993(02)02965-7 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xms1yitbg%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A Degroot D Treit (2003) ArticleTitleSeptal GABAergic and hippocampal cholinergic systems interact in the modulation of anxiety Neuroscience 117 493–501 Occurrence Handle12614689 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00651-6 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhsVChsLY%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A Degroot S Kashluba D Treit (2001) ArticleTitleSeptal GABAergic and hippocampal cholinergic systems modulate anxiety in the plus-maze and shock-probe tests Pharmacol Biochem Behav 69 391–399 Occurrence Handle11509196 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00541-X Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXlvFWku7k%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F Dittrich Y Feng R Metzdorf M Gahr (1999) ArticleTitleEstrogen-inducible, sex-specific expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in a forebrain song control nucleus of the juvenile zebra finch Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 8241–8246 Occurrence Handle10393979 Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.96.14.8241 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXltVOrsbg%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SE File LE Gonzalez N Andrews (1998) ArticleTitleEndogenous acetylcholine in the dorsal hippocampus reduces anxiety through actions on nicotinic and muscarinic1 receptors Behav Neurosci 112 352–359 Occurrence Handle9588482 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0735-7044.112.2.352 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjtVGnsL8%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M Fusco B Oderfeld-Nowak G Vantini N Schiavo M Gradkowska M Zaremba A Leon (1989) ArticleTitleNerve growth factor affects uninjured, adult rat septohippocampal cholinergic neurons Neuroscience 33 47–52 Occurrence Handle2601860 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0306-4522(89)90309-6 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXkvFCgsw%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G Gale G Anagnostaras M Fanselow (2001) ArticleTitleCholinergic modulation of pavlovian fear conditioning: effects of intrahippocampal scopolamine infusion Hippocampus 11 371–376 Occurrence Handle11530841 Occurrence Handle10.1002/hipo.1051 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvovVGqsw%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JA Gorski SA Balogh JM Wehner KR Jones (2003) ArticleTitleLearning deficits in forebrain-restricted brain-derived neurotrophic factor mutant mice Neuroscience 121 341–354 Occurrence Handle14521993 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00426-3 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXns1Kks7s%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JA Gray (1982) The Neuropsychology of Anxiety – An Enquiry into the Function of the Septo-Hippocampal System EditionNumberFirst Oxford University Press Clarendon

    Google Scholar 

  • JA Gray N McNaughton (2000) The Neuropsychology of Anxiety – An Enquiry into the Function of the Septo-Hippocampal System EditionNumberSecond Oxford University Press Clarendon

    Google Scholar 

  • J Hall KL Thomas BJ Everitt (2000) ArticleTitleRapid and selective induction of BDNF expression in the hippocampus during contextual learning Nat Neurosci 3 533–535 Occurrence Handle10816306 Occurrence Handle10.1038/75698 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjsF2nuro%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PT Huerta LD Sun MA Wilson S Tonegawa (2000) ArticleTitleFormation of temporal memory requires NMDA receptors within CA1 pyramidal neurons Neuron 25 473–480 Occurrence Handle10719900 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80909-5 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhslOkt7k%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R Kalisch M Schubert W Jacob MS Kessler R Hemauer A Wigger R Landgraf DP Auer (2005) ArticleTitleAnxiety and hippocampus volume in the rat Neuropsychopharmacology 31 925–932 Occurrence Handle10.1038/sj.npp.1300910

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R Katoh-Semba R Semba S Kashiwamata K Kato (1989) ArticleTitleSex-dependent and sex-independent distribution of the beta-subunit of nerve growth factor in the central nervous and peripheral tissues of mice J Neurochem 52 1559–1565 Occurrence Handle2651564 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb09208.x Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXitVGqtrw%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • KG Kjelstrup FA Tuvnes HA Steffenach R Murison EI Moser MB Moser (2002) ArticleTitleReduced fear expression after lesions of the ventral hippocampus Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 10825–10830 Occurrence Handle12149439 Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.152112399 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xmt1ChtLg%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DC Knight CN Smith DT Cheng EA Stein FJ Helmstetter (2004) ArticleTitleAmygdala and hippocampal activity during acquisition and extinction of human fear conditioning Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 4 317–325 Occurrence Handle15535167 Occurrence Handle10.3758/CABN.4.3.317

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DR Komack B Lu IB Black (1991) ArticleTitleSexually dimorphic expression of the NGF receptor gene in the developing rat brain Brain Res 542 171–174 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0006-8993(91)91015-S

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JE Le Doux (1996) The Emotional Brain Simon and Schuster New York

    Google Scholar 

  • GM MacQueen K Ramakrishnan SD Croll JA Siuciak G Yu LT Young M Fahnestock (2001) ArticleTitlePerformance of heterozygous brain-derived neurotrophic factor knockout mice on behavioural analogues of anxiety, nociception, and depression Behav Neurosci 115 1145–1153 Occurrence Handle11584927 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0735-7044.115.5.1145 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXnsFWmtrs%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AR Marchand D Luck G DiScala (2003) ArticleTitleEvaluation of an improved automated analysis of freezing behaviour in rats and its use in trace fear conditioning J Neurosci Methods 126 145–153 Occurrence Handle12814839 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0165-0270(03)00076-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S Maren (2001) ArticleTitleNeurobiology of Pavlovian fear conditioning Annu Rev Neurosci 24 897–931 Occurrence Handle11520922 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.897 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXls1ShsLg%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S Maren GJ Quirk (2004) ArticleTitleNeuronal signalling of fear memory Nat Rev Neurosci 5 844–852 Occurrence Handle15496862 Occurrence Handle10.1038/nrn1535 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXos1Ojtrk%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H Matsuki Y Shirayama K Hashimoto A Tanaka Y Minabe (2001) ArticleTitleEffects of age and gender on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in rat retrosplenial cortex following administration of dizocilpine Neuropsychopharmacology 25 258–266 Occurrence Handle11425509 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00246-3 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXks1Ogtbw%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JL McGaugh (2004) ArticleTitleThe amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emtinoally arousing experiences Ann Rev Neurosci 27 1–28 Occurrence Handle15217324 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144157 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmslantrk%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SB McHugh RM Deacon JN Rawlins DM Bannerman (2004) ArticleTitleAmygdala and ventral hippocampus contribute differentially to mechanisms of fear and anxiety Behav Neurosci 118 63–78 Occurrence Handle14979783 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0735-7044.118.1.63 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD2c%2FptVGqsg%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • N McNaughton (1997) ArticleTitleCognitive dysfunction resulting from hippocampal hyperactivity – a possible cause of anxiety disorder? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 56 603–611 Occurrence Handle9130284 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0091-3057(96)00419-4 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXislarurY%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menard Treit (1999) ArticleTitleEffects of centrally administered anxiolytic compounds in animal models of anxiety Neurosci Biobehav Rev 23 591–613 Occurrence Handle10073896 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0149-7634(98)00056-6 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhs1Cntro%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HC Moises MD Womble MS Washburn LR Williams (1995) ArticleTitleNerve growth factor facilitates cholinergic neurotransmission between nucleus basalis and the amygdala in rat: an electrophysiological analysis J Neurosci 15 8131–8142 Occurrence Handle8613748 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xls1On

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M Nishizuka R Katoh-Semba K Eto Y Arai R Iizuka K Kato (1991) ArticleTitleAge- and sex-related differences in the nerve growth factor distribution in the rat brain Brain Res Bull 27 685–688 Occurrence Handle1756386 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0361-9230(91)90045-L Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38XnslWjsw%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G Paxinos KBJ Franklin (2003) The mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates: compact EditionNumbersecond Elsevier Press Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • S Pellow SE File (1986) ArticleTitleAnxiolytic and anxiogenic drug effects on exploratory activity in an elevated plus-maze: a novel test of anxiety in the rat Pharmacol Biochem Behav 24 525–529 Occurrence Handle2871560 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0091-3057(86)90552-6 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL28XhvVSisbc%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S Pellow P Chopin SE File M Briley (1985) ArticleTitleValidation of open: closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat J Neurosci Methods 14 149–167 Occurrence Handle2864480 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0165-0270(85)90031-7 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL28%2Fht12htw%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pietropaolo S, Feldon J, Alleva E, Cirulli F, Yee BK (2006) The role of voluntary exercise in enriched rearing: a behavioral analysis. Behav Neurosci (in press)

  • MM Poo (2001) ArticleTitleNeurotrophins as synaptic modulators Nat Rev Neurosci 2 24–32 Occurrence Handle11253356 Occurrence Handle10.1038/35049004 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXisl2ru7s%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MH Rapaport (2001) ArticleTitlePrevalence, recognition, and treatment of comorbid depression and anxiety J Clin Psychiatry 62 6–10 Occurrence Handle11676431 Occurrence Handle10.4088/JCP.v62n0102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LM Rattiner M Davis CT French KJ Ressler (2004a) ArticleTitleBrain-derived neurotrophic factor and tyrosine kinase receptor B involvement in amygdala-dependent fear conditioning J Neurosci 24 4796–4806 Occurrence Handle10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5654-03.2004 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXks1yrsrk%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LM Rattiner M Davis KJ Ressler (2004b) ArticleTitleDifferential regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor transcripts during the consolidation of fear learning Learn Mem 11 727–731 Occurrence Handle10.1101/lm.83304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LM Rattiner M Davis KJ Ressler (2005) ArticleTitleBrain-derived neurotrophic factor in amygdala-dependent learning The Neuroscientist 11 323–333 Occurrence Handle16061519 Occurrence Handle10.1177/1073858404272255 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpsVans7k%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M Rattray (2001) ArticleTitleIs there nicotinic modulation of nerve growth factor? Implications for cholinergic therapies in Alzheimer’s disease Biol Psychiatry 49 185–193 Occurrence Handle11230869 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0006-3223(00)01047-7 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhsFSjtb4%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MA Richmond CA Murphy B Pouzet P Schmid JN Rawlins J Feldon (1998) ArticleTitleA computer controlled analysis of freezing behaviour J Neurosci Methods 86 91–99 Occurrence Handle9894789 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0165-0270(98)00150-2 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M7htVSrsg%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JL Rogers RP Kesner (2004) ArticleTitleCholinergic modulation of the hippocampus during encoding and retrieval of tone/shock-induced fear conditioning Learn Mem 11 102–110 Occurrence Handle14747523 Occurrence Handle10.1101/lm.64604

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BD Rusch HC Abercrombie TR Oakes SM Schaefer RJ Davidson (2001) ArticleTitleHippocampal morphometry in depressed patients and control subjects: relations to anxiety symptoms Biol Psychiatry 50 960–964 Occurrence Handle11750892 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01248-3 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2FgtFOksQ%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A Russo-Neustadt (2003) ArticleTitleBrain-derived neurotrophic factor, behaviour, and new directions for the treatment of mental disorders Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 8 109–118 Occurrence Handle12728410 Occurrence Handle10.1053/scnp.2003.50014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A Schienle A Schafer B Walter R Stark D Vaitl (2005) ArticleTitleBrain activation of spider phobics towards disorder-relevant, generally disgust- and fear-inducing pictures Neurosci Lett 388 1–6 Occurrence Handle16046064 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.neulet.2005.06.025 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXptVeltr4%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F Schneider U Weiss C Kessler HW Muller-Gartner S Posse JB Salloum W Grodd F Himmelmann W Gaebel N Birbaumer (1999) ArticleTitleSubcortical correlates of differential classical conditioning of aversive emotional reactions in social phobia Biol Psychiatry 45 863–871 Occurrence Handle10202574 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00269-8 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M3hvVyquw%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NM Tsankova O Berton W Renthal A Kumar RL Neve EJ Nestler (2006) ArticleTitleSustained hippocampal chromatin regulation in a mouse model of depression and antidepressant action Nat Neurosci 9 519–525 Occurrence Handle16501568 Occurrence Handle10.1038/nn1659 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XivFSitb8%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • US Department of Health (2002) The Numbers Count: Mental Disorders in America. NIMH Publication No. 01-4584

  • DJ Veltman WE Tuinebreijer D Winkelman AA Lammertsma MP Witter RJ Dolan PM Emmelkamp (2004) ArticleTitleNeurophysiological correlates of habituation during exposure in spider phobia Psychiatry Res 132 149–158 Occurrence Handle15598549

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • GV Wallentsein DR Vago (2001) ArticleTitleIntrahippocampal scopolamine infusions impairs both acquisition and consolidation of contextual fear conditioning Neurobiol Learn Mem 75 245–252 Occurrence Handle10.1006/nlme.2001.4005 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXivFaktLk%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MM Weissman P Wickramaratne PB Adams JD Lish E Horwath D Charney SW Woods E Leeman E Frosch (1993) ArticleTitleThe relationship between panic disorder and major depression. A new family study Arch Gen Psychiatry 50 767–780 Occurrence Handle8215801 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2c%2FivFCgtg%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DM Yilmazer-Hanke T Roskoden K Zilles H Schwegler (2003) ArticleTitleAnxiety-related behaviour and densities of glutamate, GABAA, acetylcholine and serotonin receptors in the amygdala of seven inbred mouse strains Behav Brain Res 145 145–159 Occurrence Handle14529813 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0166-4328(03)00107-4 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnslSksrc%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SL Young DL Bohenek MS Fanselow (1995) ArticleTitleScopolamine impairs acquisition and facilitates consolidation of fear conditioning: differential effects for tone vs context conditioning Neurobiol Learn Mem 63 174–180 Occurrence Handle7663891 Occurrence Handle10.1006/nlme.1995.1018 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXltlemsrw%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S-W Zhu BK Yee M Nyffeler B Winblad J Feldon AH Mohammed (2006) ArticleTitleInfluence of differential housing on emotional behaviour and neurotrophin levels in mice Behav Brain Res 169 10–20 Occurrence Handle16406106 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.bbr.2005.11.024 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhvVWitb4%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Behavioural Neurobiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland

    B. K. Yee & J. Feldon

  2. NVS (NEUROTEC), Division of Experimental Geriatrics, Karolinska University Hospital, NOVUM Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden

    S.-W. Zhu & A. H. Mohammed

  3. School of Social Sciences, Växjö University, Växjö, Sweden

    A. H. Mohammed

Authors
  1. B. K. Yee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S.-W. Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. H. Mohammed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. J. Feldon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

The first two authors contribute equally to the present study.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Yee, B., Zhu, SW., Mohammed, A. et al. Levels of neurotrophic factors in the hippocampus and amygdala correlate with anxiety- and fear-related behaviour in C57BL6 mice. J Neural Transm 114, 431–444 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-006-0548-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-006-0548-9

Search

Navigation