Behavioral depression produced by an uncontrollable stressor: Relationship to norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin levels in various regions of rat brain

doi:10.1016/0165-0173(81)90005-9

Brain Research Reviews

Volume 3, Issue 2, October 1981, Pages 167-205

https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0173(81)90005-9 Get rights and content

Abstract

This paper presents two experiments that continue efforts to determine the neurochemical changes responsible for stress-induced behavioral depression. These expriments measured active motor behavior in a swim tank as well as levels of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5-HT) in various brain regions of rats after the animals had (a) been exposed to electric shocks they could control (Avoidance-escape condition), or (b) received the same shocks with no control over them (Yoked condition), or (c) received no shock (No-shock condition). In the first experiment, measures were taken 90 min after the shock session ended. In the swim test, Yoked animals showed a depression of active behavior relative to the other groups. From measures of monoamine levels, the change found to be most closely related to this post-stress behavioral depression was in NE in the locus coeruleus (LC), where Yoked animals showed a considerable depletion of NE. In the second study, the same measures were taken 48 h and 72–96 h after the stress session. Yoked animals tested at 48 h post-stress showed motor depression, but those tested after 72–96 h did not. NE in the LC was significantly depleted in Yoked animals tested at 48 h post-stress but showed only slight (and non-significant) depletion in those tested 72–96 h post-stress. These results, together with others, suggest that large stress-induced depletion of NE in the LC is involved in mediating behavioral depression brought about by severe stress. It is further suggested that the time course for behavioral recovery and for the disappearance of NE depletion in the LC that was seen in Yoked animals after stress parallels the time course previously reported by other investigators for induction of catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes — tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) — in the LC, so that induction of TH and DBH activity may be a neurochemical mechanism to bring about recovery from poststress behavioral depression.

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Behavioral depression produced by an uncontrollable stressor: Relationship to norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin levels in various regions of rat brain

Abstract

Brain Research

Brain Research

Behav. New. Biol.

Brain Research

Europ. J. Pharmacol.

Brain Research

Brain Research

Neuroscience

Europ. J. Pharmacol.

Life Sci.

Brain Research

Brain Research

Europ. J. Pharmacol.

Europ. J. Pharmacol.

Brain Research

Brain Research

Brain Research

Behav. Biol.

Behav. Neur. Biol.

Brain Research

Time-dependent variations inaversily motivated behaviors: non-associative effects of cholinergic and catecholaminergic activity

Psychol. Rev.

Escape performance following exposure to inescapable shock: deficits in motor response maintenance

J. exp. Psychol: Animal Behav. Processes

Escape performance after inescapable shock in selectively bred lines of mice: response maintenance and catecholamine activity

J. comp. physiol. Psychol.

Deficits of escape performance following catecholaminergic depletion: implications for behavioral deficits induced by uncontrollable stress

Psychophmmacology

Effect of inescapable shock on subsequent escape performance: catecholaminergic and cholinergic mediation of response initiation and maintenance

Psychopharmacology

Cateeholamine depletion in mice upon re-exposure to stress: mediation of the escape deficits produced by inescapable shock

J. comp. physiol. Psychol.

Evidence of a central cholinergic functioning during drug induced excitation in avoidance behavior

Changes in acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine concentrations in several discrete brain areas of the rat during behavioral excitation

Neurochemistry

Increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity in frontal cortex and cerebellum after reserpine

Brain Research

Immobility test: effects of 5-hydroxytryptaminergic drugs and role of catecholamines in the activity of some antidepressants

J. Pharm. Pharmacol.

Activation of locus coeruleus neurons by peripheral stimuli: modulation by collateral inhibitory mechanism

Life Sci.

Effects of acute exposure to stress on subsequent aggression and locomotion performance

Psychosom. Med.

Do central dopamine receptors have a physiological role in thermoregulation?

Brit. J. Pharmacol.

Catecholamines in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Further mapping of central 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons: studies with the neurotoxic dihydroxytryptamines

Long-term and transitory interference effects

J. exp. Psychol.: Animal Behav. Processes

Monoamines as mediators of avoidance-escape behavior

Psychosom. Med.

Regulation of synthesis and release processes in central catecholaminergic neurons

Swimming rats and human depression

Nature (Lond.)

Differential effects of inescapable shock on escape performance and discrimination learning in a water escape task

J. exp. Psychol.: Animal Behav. Processes

Circling behavior after narcotic drugs and during naloxone-precipitated abstinence in rats with unilateral nigral lesions

J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther.