ArticleAn evaluation of basal hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis function in depression: Results of a large-scaled and controlled study
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Sexual function and depressive symptoms in young women with overt hyperthyroidism
2019, European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive BiologyExpression levels of interferon-ɣ and type 2 deiodinase in patients diagnosed with recurrent depressive disorders
2018, Pharmacological ReportsCitation Excerpt :Depressive disorder is a disease with multifactorial components, including disturbances in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and TH concentration, the presence of immune activation and inflammation [14–16]. Depressed patients are characterized by TRH-mRNA downregulation, elevated peripheral free T4 levels [17,18], and increased rT3 concentrations in CSF [19], but not in serum [20]. In addition, hyper- and hypothyroid states are often observed in depressed patients, may be involved and in the development of a depressive disorder.
Polymorphisms of iodothyronine deiodinases (DIO1, DIO3) genes are not associated with recurrent depressive disorder
2016, Pharmacological ReportsCitation Excerpt :For example, sera thyroxine (T4) levels and cerebrospinal fluid reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) concentration [4,5] are found to be increased, while basal thyroid secreting hormone (TSH) levels are decreased and associated with increased free T4 (FT4) levels [3–5]. In a large-scaled study, both increases in FT4 and lowered TSH levels were associated with severity of depression [3]. Studies in animal models revealed that antidepressants may increase triiodothyronine [T3] brain levels [6].
Relationship between thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and risk of depression among the general population with normal free T4 levels
2015, PsychoneuroendocrinologyCitation Excerpt :Interestingly, in a cross-sectional analysis of general population, lower TSH and higher T4 levels were associated with current depression in young adults and elderly people (Forman-Hoffman and Philibert, 2006; Medici et al., 2014), although no association in adults aged 50 to 70 years has been reported. In several clinical studies, hyperactivity of the HPT axis was observed in depressive patients, and thyroxine levels decreased with treatment (Maes et al., 1993). Meanwhile, low normal thyroid function was associated with poorer treatment response and with lower rate of remission in depressive patients (Abulseoud et al., 2013; Cole et al., 2002) Collectively, previous findings are consistent with the hypothesis that hyperactivity of the HPT axis in a depressive state may represent a compensatory homeostatic response of the central nervous system to the depressive state (Whybrow and Prange, 1981) and that failure of such response, indicated by high TSH or low free T4 levels, is related to depressive recurrence as well as negative prognosis.