Original ArticleSelective Reinforcement Learning Deficits in Schizophrenia Support Predictions from Computational Models of Striatal-Cortical Dysfunction
Section snippets
Relevance of Dopamine System Function Models to SZ
This framework has the potential to offer a differentiated account of feedback-driven learning deficits in SZ. Whereas PD involves mainly BG hypofunction brought on by dopamine depletion, SZ may be characterized by DA dysfunction in both PFC and the BG. While the severity and consequences of PFC hypofunction in schizophrenia appear to be profound (Weinberger 1987, Weinberger and Berman 1988), BG dysfunction in schizophrenia may be more mild, based on findings of relatively intact procedural
Patients
Forty outpatients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I) (First et al. 1997), were recruited from the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center (MPRC) (Table 1). All patients were clinically stable, as determined by their treating clinician. All patients were tested while receiving stable medication regimens (no changes in type or dose within 4 weeks of study). Most patients (28/40) were on antipsychotic monotherapy, while 12 patients were
Acquisition of Contingencies
In our first experiment, patients demonstrated dramatic impairment in the acquisition of probabilistic contingencies, whereas healthy subjects demonstrated clear learning of the two most frequently rewarded stimuli. Two-way ANOVAs for data from both early acquisition and postacquisition tests revealed main effects of group (see Supplementary text and Supplementary Figure 1 for details), indicating that patients performed worse than control subjects in experiment 1, regardless of reinforcement
PSS Task Performance
We examined the performance of patients and control subjects on two probabilistic learning and transfer tasks. In the first version, using Hiragana characters, patients exhibited profound impairment in the acquisition of probabilistic contingencies. This seemed to reflect impairments in the use of feedback to modify behavior on a trial-by-trial basis, consistent with models of PFC/OFC dysfunction. In the second experiment (using clip art stimuli), patients showed impairment in the early
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2022, Journal of Psychiatric ResearchCitation Excerpt :Many studies have examined reward processing of positive and negative outcomes in schizophrenia using various reinforcement or reward learning paradigms (Abohamza et al., 2020). In a series of studies, Gold, Waltz, and colleagues (Gold et al., 2012; Strauss et al., 2011; Waltz et al., 2007) found consistent evidence that motivation impairments in schizophrenia were associated with reduced learning ability to positive outcomes (such as poor performance on a Go-learning task), but intact learning from negative, or loss, outcomes (NoGo-learning). Thus, people with schizophrenia may engage in fewer motivated behaviors than healthy comparison participants because they are less sensitive or less able to learn how to obtain rewards but successful in knowing how to avoid losses or punishments (Strauss et al., 2014).