ReviewTMS and drugs revisited 2014
Section snippets
Effects of CNS active drugs with incompletely known or multiple modes of action on TMS-EMG measures of corticospinal and motor cortical excitability
Using TMS, drugs with a clear mode of action have shown typical electrophysiological signatures of their underlying mechanism in the human M1 (see Section 1). Such a signature may result from direct or remote effects of the drug on the cortical system. Moreover, the physiological correlates of particular TMS measures have been studied intensively in humans (Hallett, 2007, Reis et al., 2008), and less frequently in animals (Hsieh et al., 2014, Luft et al., 2001, Rotenberg et al., 2010). As a
Effects of anesthetics and analgesics on TMS-EMG measures of corticospinal and motor cortical excitability
Most data concerning the effects of anesthetics and analgesics on TMS measures of corticospinal and motor cortical excitability result from studies in patients undergoing surgery of brainstem or spinal cord. Although MEP recordings after TMS are regularly employed to monitor corticospinal tract integrity in this intraoperative setting, transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) is more often used than TMS for practical reasons. However, it appeared that the sensitivity of TES and TMS to detect
TMS-EEG to measure key parameters of cortical functioning in humans
Despite a highly static structure, the human brain generates a large repertoire of behavioral and psychological phenomena spanning from simple motor acts to cognition and consciousness. This ability relies on the activation of highly specialized thalamic and cortical structures that interact on a subsecond timescale by means of long-range bundles of fibers (Park and Friston, 2013, Sporns, 2013). Hence, the electrical reactivity of the cerebral cortex to a direct, local stimulation (cortical
TMS/RTMS induced changes in endogenous neurotransmitters and neuromodulators
Dopamine (DA) plays an important role in learning, reward, motor control, emotion and executive functions. Thanks to the development of neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), it is now possible to quantify dopaminergic activity in the living human brain. The combination of these technologies with rTMS offers great potential in that it is capable of tackling questions regarding region-specific/function-specific
Effects of CNS active drugs on TMS-EMG measures of motor cortical excitability in epilepsy
The TMS studies concerned with the effects of CNS active drugs on measures of cortical excitability reviewed in the previous sections were all performed on healthy subjects to whom drugs were administered. Therefore, none of the observed drug effects can be ascribed to brain pathology. In those studies, cortical excitability was measured immediately before the administration of a single dose of the study drug (baseline). Thereafter, repeat measurements were performed at delays adjusted to the
Conflict of interest
All authors state that they have no conflicts of interest. There was no external funding.
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