Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-jr42d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T10:28:29.446Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Neuroimaging studies of the early stages of psychosis: A critical review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

Paolo Fusar-Poli
Affiliation:
Section of Neuroimaging, Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, UK Department of Applied and Psychobehavioural Health Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Paul Allen
Affiliation:
Section of Neuroimaging, Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, UK
Philip McGuire*
Affiliation:
Section of Neuroimaging, Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, UK
*
Corresponding author. E-mail address: p.mcguire@iop.kcl.ac.uk (P. McGuire).
Get access

Abstract

Psychiatric imaging, in particular functional imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are potentially powerful tools to explore the neurophysiological basis of the early stages of psychosis. Despite this impressive growth, neuroimaging has yet to become an established as diagnostic instrument this area, partly as a result of significant heterogeneity across the findings from research studies. The present review aims to: (i) assess the determinants of inconsistencies in the results from neuroimaging studies of the early stages of psychosis; and (ii) suggest approaches for future imaging research in this field that may reduce methodological differences between studies.

Type
Original article
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agid, O.Kapur, S.Arenovich, T.Zipursky, R.B.Delayed-onset hypothesis of antipsychotic action: a hypothesis tested and rejected. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:12281235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aguirre, G.K.Singh, R.D'Esposito, M.Stimulus inversion and the responses of face and object-sensitive cortical areas. Neuroreport 1999;10:189194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Almli, C.R.Rivkin, M.J.McKinstry, R.C.The NIH MRI study of normal brain development (Objective-2): newborns, infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Neuroimage 2007;35:308325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barch, D.M.Carter, C.S.Braver, T.S.Sabb, F.W.MacDonald, A.3rd Noll, D.C.et al.Selective deficits in prefrontal cortex function in medication-naive patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:280288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brett, M.Johnsrude, I.S.Owen, A.M.The problem of functional localization in the human brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002;3:243249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boksman, K.Theberge, J.Williamson, P.Drost, D.J.Malla, A.Densmore, M.et al.A 4.0-T fMRI study of brain connectivity during word fluency in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2005;75:247263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braus, D.F.Ende, G.Weber-Fahr, W.Sartorius, A.Krier, A.Hubrich-Ungureanu, P.et al.Antipsychotic drug effects on motor activation measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res 1999;39:1929.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broome, M.R.Johns, L.C.Woolley, J.B.The data-gathering bias in the at-risk mental state (ARMS) for psychosis. Schizophr Res 2004;70:100101.Google Scholar
Buchanan, R.W.Carpenter, W.T.Domains of psychopathology: an approach to the reduction of heterogeneity in schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 1994;182:193204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callicott, J.H.Bertolino, A.Mattay, V.S.Langheim, F.J.Duyn, J.Coppola, R.et al.Physiological dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia revisited. Cereb Cortex 2000;10:10781092.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Callicott, J.H.Egan, M.F.Mattay, V.S.Bertolino, A.Bone, A.D.Verchinksi, B.et al.Abnormal fMRI response of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in cognitively intact siblings of patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:709719.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chakos, M.H.Schobel, S.A.Gu, H.Gerig, G.Bradford, D.Charles, C.et al.Duration of illness and treatment effects on hippocampal volume in male patients with schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2005;186:2631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, C.J.Chen, W.J.Liu, S.K.Cheng, J.J.Yang, W.C.Chang, H.J.et al.Morbidity risk of psychiatric disorders among the first degree relatives of schizophrenia patients in Taiwan. Schizophr Bull 2002;28:379392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curtis, V.A.Bullmore, E.T.Brammer, M.J.Wright, I.C.Williams, S.C.Morris, R.G.et al.Attenuated frontal activation during a verbal fluency task in patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:10561063.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dazzan, P.Morgan, K.D.Orr, K.Hutchinson, G.Chitnis, X.Suckling, J.et al.Different effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics on grey matter in first episode psychosis: the AESOP study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005;30:765774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Detre, J.A.Clinical applicability of functional MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2006;23:808815.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickey, C.C.McCarley, R.W.Shenton, M.E.The brain in schizotypal personality disorder: a review of structural MRI and CT findings. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2002;10:115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, A.C.The NIH MRI study of normal brain development. Neuroimage 2006;30:184202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleiss, J.L.The statistical basis of meta-analysis. Stat Methods Med Res 1993;2:121145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, P.T.Laird, A.R.Fox, S.P.Fox, P.M.Uecker, A.M.Crank, M.et al.BrainMap taxonomy of experimental design: description and evaluation. Hum Brain Mapp 2005;25:185198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, P.T.Laird, A.R.Lancaster, J.L.Coordinate-based voxel-wise meta-analysis: dividends of spatial normalization. Report of a virtual workshop. Hum Brain Mapp 2005;25:15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frith, C.The neural basis of hallucinations and delusions. C R Biol 2005;328:169175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fusar-Poli, P.Borgwardt, S.Integrating the negative psychotic symptoms in the high-risk criteria for the prediction of psychosis. Med Hyp 2007;69(4):959960.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fusar-Poli, P.Broome, M.R.Conceptual issues in psychiatric neuroimaging. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2006;19:608612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fusar-Poli, P.Broome, M.Matthiasson, P.Williams, S.Brammer, M.McGuire, P.Effects of acute antipsychotic treatment on brain activation in first episode psychosis: an fMRI study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2007;187(4):486497.Google Scholar
Fusar-Poli, P.Caverzasi, E.Cortesi, M.Pooling of data in psychiatric neuroimaging: a bridge towards clinical neuroimaging?. Eur Psychiatry May 2007;22(4):265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fusar-Poli, P.Perez, J.Broome, M.Borgwardt, S.Placentino, A.Caverzasi, E.et al.Neurofunctional correlates of vulnerability to psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007;31(4):465484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Habel, U.Klein, M.Shah, N.J.Toni, I.Zilles, K.Falkai, P.et al.Genetic load on amygdala hypofunction during sadness in nonaffected brothers of schizophrenia patients. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:18061813.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harvey, P.D.Rabinowitz, J.Eerdekens, M.Davidson, M.Treatment of cognitive impairment in early psychosis: a comparison of risperidone and haloperidol in a large long-term trial. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:18881895.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Honey, G.D.Bullmore, E.T.Soni, W.Varatheesan, M.Williams, S.C.Sharma, T.Differences in frontal cortical activation by a working memory task after substitution of risperidone for typical antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999;96:1343213437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hopfinger, J.B.Buchel, C.Holmes, A.P.Friston, K.J.A study of analysis parameters that influence the sensitivity of event-related fMRI analyses. Neuroimage 2000;11:326333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jablensky, A.Kendell, R.Criteria for assessing a classification in psychiatry. In: Maj, M.Gaebel, W.Lopez-Ibor, J.Sartorius, N., editors. Psychiatric diagnosis and classification Chichester: Wiley; 2002. p. 125.Google Scholar
Jansson, L.Handest, P.Nielsen, J.Sæbye, D.Parnas, J.Exploring boundaries of schizophrenia: a comparison of ICD-10 with other diagnostic systems in first-admitted patients. Wordl Psych 2002;1:109114.Google ScholarPubMed
Johnson, J.K.Tuulio-Henriksson, A.Pirkola, T.Huttunen, M.O.Lonnqvist, J.Kaprio, J.et al.Do schizotypal symptoms mediate the relationship between genetic risk for schizophrenia and impaired neuropsychological performance in co-twins of schizophrenic patients?. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54:12001204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnstone, E.C.Crow, T.J.Frith, C.D.Husband, J.Kreel, L.Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. Lancet 1976;2:924926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapur, S.Arenovich, T.Agid, O.Zipursky, R.Lindborg, S.Jones, B.Evidence for onset of antipsychotic effects within the first 24 hours of treatment. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:939946.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keshavan, M.S.Montrose, D.M.Pierri, J.N.Dick, E.L.Rosenberg, D.Talagala, L.et al.Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in offspring at risk for schizophrenia: preliminary studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1997;21:12851295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kopala, L.C.Good, K.P.Milliken, H.Buiteman, C.Woodley, H.Rui, Q.et al.Treatment of a first episode of psychotic illness with quetiapine: an analysis of 2 year outcomes. Schizophr Res 2006;81:2939.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lahti, A.C.Holcomb, H.H.Weiler, M.A.Medoff, D.R.Frey, K.N.Hardin, M.et al.Clozapine but not haloperidol re-establishes normal task-activated rCBF patterns in schizophrenia within the anterior cingulate cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004;29:171178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lane, C.J.Ngan, E.T.Yatham, L.N.Ruth, T.J.Liddle, P.F.Immediate effects of risperidone on cerebral activity in healthy subjects: a comparison with subjects with first-episode schizophrenia. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2004;29:3037.Google ScholarPubMed
Mendrek, A.Kiehl, K.A.Smith, A.M.Irwin, D.Forster, B.B.Liddle, P.F.Dysfunction of a distributed neural circuitry in schizophrenia patients during a working-memory performance. Psychol Med 2005;35:187196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendrek, A.Laurens, K.R.Kiehl, K.A.Ngan, E.T.Stip, E.Liddle, P.F.Changes in distributed neural circuitry function in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2004;185:205214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, T.J.McGlashan, T.H.Rosen, J.L.Somjee, L.Markovich, P.J.Stein, K.et al.Prospective diagnosis of the initial prodrome for schizophrenia based on the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes: preliminary evidence of interrater reliability and predictive validity. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:863865.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morey, R.A.Inan, S.Mitchell, T.V.Perkins, D.O.Lieberman, J.A.Belger, A.Imaging frontostriatal function in ultra-high-risk, early, and chronic schizophrenia during executive processing. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:254262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ngan, E.T.Lane, C.J.Ruth, T.J.Liddle, P.F.Immediate and delayed effects of risperidone on cerebral metabolism in neuroleptic naive schizophrenic patients: correlations with symptom change. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;72:106110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olsen, K.Rosenbaum, R.S.Prospective investigations of the prodromal state of schizophrenia: review of studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006;113:247272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pantelis, C.Yucel, M.Wood, S.J.Velakoulis, D.Sun, D.Berger, G.et al.Structural brain imaging evidence for multiple pathological processes at different stages of brain development in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2005;31:672696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perlstein, W.M.Carter, C.S.Noll, D.C.Cohen, J.D.Relation of prefrontal cortex dysfunction to working memory and symptoms in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:11051113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Racine, E.Bar-Ilan, O.Illes, J.fMRI in the public eye. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005;6:159164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramsey, N.F.Koning, H.A.Welles, P.Cahn, W.van der Linden, J.A.Kahn, R.S.Excessive recruitment of neural systems subserving logical reasoning in schizophrenia. Brain 2002;125:17931807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasser, P.E.Johnston, P.Lagopoulos, J.Ward, P.B.Schall, U.Thienel, R.et al.Functional MRI BOLD response to Tower of London performance of first-episode schizophrenia patients using cortical pattern matching. Neuroimage 2005;26:941951.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riehemann, S.Volz, H.P.Stutzer, P.Smesny, S.Gaser, C.Sauer, H.Hypofrontality in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients during the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test—a fMRI study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001;251:6671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roland, P.Svensson, G.Lindeberg, T.Risch, T.Baumann, P.Dehmel, A.et al.A database generator for human brain imaging. Trends Neurosci 2001;24:562564.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaufelberger, M.Senhorini, M.C.Barreiros, M.A.Amaro, E. Jr.Menezes, P.R.Scazufca, M.et al.Frontal and anterior cingulate activation during overt verbal fluency in patients with first episode psychosis. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2005;27:228232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schnack, H.G.van Haren, N.E.Hulshoff Pol, H.E.Picchioni, M.Weisbrod, M.Sauer, H.et al.Reliability of brain volumes from multicenter MRI acquisition: a calibration study. Hum Brain Mapp 2004;22:312320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seidman, L.J.Thermenos, H.W.Poldrack, R.Peace, N.Koch, J.Faraone, S.V.et al.Altered brain activation in frontal cortex in adolescents and young adults at genetic risk for schizophrenia: an fMRI study of working memory. Schizophr Res 2006;85:5872.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siever, L.J.Koenigsberg, H.W.Harvey, P.Mitropoulou, V.Laruelle, M.Abi-Dargham, A.et al.Cognitive and brain function in schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophr Res 2002;54:157167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snitz, B.E.Macdonald, A.3rd Cohen, J.D.Cho, R.Y.Becker, T.Carter, C.S.Lateral and medial hypofrontality in first-episode schizophrenia: functional activity in a medication-naive state and effects of short-term atypical antipsychotic treatment. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:23222329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steen, R.G.Hamer, R.M.Lieberman, J.A.Measurement of brain metabolites by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005;30:19491962.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steen, R.G.Mull, C.McClure, R.Hamer, R.M.Lieberman, J.A.Brain volume in first-episode schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. Br J Psychiatry 2006;188:510518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stocker, T.Schneider, F.Klein, M.Habel, U.Kellermann, T.Zilles, K.et al.Automated quality assurance routines for fMRI data applied to a multicenter study. Hum Brain Mapp 2005;25:237246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strother, S.La Conte, S.Kai Hansen, L.Anderson, J.Zhang, J.Pulapura, S.et al.Optimizing the fMRI data-processing pipeline using prediction and reproducibility performance metrics: I. A preliminary group analysis. Neuroimage 2004;23(Suppl 1):S196S207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Talairach, J.Tournoux, P.A co-planar stereotactic atlas of the human brain. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers; 1988.Google Scholar
Tan, H.Y.Choo, W.C.Fones, C.S.Chee, M.W.fMRI study of maintenance and manipulation processes within working memory in first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:18491858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tauscher, J.Jones, C.Remington, G.Zipursky, R.B.Kapur, S.Significant dissociation of brain and plasma kinetics with antipsychotics. Mol Psychiatry 2002;7:317321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsuang, M.T.Stone, W.S.Faraone, S.V.Understanding predisposition to schizophrenia: toward intervention and prevention. Can J Psychiatry 2002;47:518526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Horn, J.D.Gazzaniga, M.S.Opinion: databasing fMRI studies towards a ‘discovery science’ of brain function. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002;3:314318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Horn, J.D.Grafton, S.T.Rockmore, D.Gazzaniga, M.S.Sharing neuroimaging studies of human cognition. Nat Neurosci 2004;7:473481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vita, A.De Peri, L.Silenzi, C.Dieci, M.Brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging studies. Schizophr Res 2006;82:7588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ward, P.B.Structural brain imaging and the prevention of schizophrenia: can we identify neuroanatomical markers for young people at risk for the development of schizophrenia?. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2000;34(Suppl):S127S130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whalley, H.C.Simonotto, E.Flett, S.Marshall, I.Ebmeier, K.P.Owens, D.G.et al.fMRI correlates of state and trait effects in subjects at genetically enhanced risk of schizophrenia. Brain 2004;127:478490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whalley, H.C.Simonotto, E.Marshall, I.Owens, D.G.Goddard, N.H.Johnstone, E.C.et al.Functional disconnectivity in subjects at high genetic risk of schizophrenia. Brain 2005;128:20972108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yung, A.R.McGorry, P.D.The prodromal phase of first-episode psychosis: past and current conceptualizations. Schizophr Bull 1996;22:353370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yung, A.R.Phillips, L.J.Yuen, H.P.Francey, S.M.McFarlane, C.A.Hallgren, M.et al.Psychosis prediction: 12-month follow up of a high-risk (“prodromal”) group. Schizophr Res 2003;60:2132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.