Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
New researchDecreased Regional Cortical Thickness and Thinning Rate Are Associated With Inattention Symptoms in Healthy Children
Section snippets
Sampling and Recruitment
The NIH MRI Study of Normal Brain Development is a multi-site project providing a normative database to characterize healthy brain maturation in relationship to behavior.31 Subjects were recruited across the United States with a population-based sampling method seeking to minimize biases of selection.32 Based on available U.S. Census 2000 data, a representative healthy sample of subjects was recruited at six pediatric study centers: Children's Hospital (Boston), Children's Hospital Medical
Demographics
Table 1 shows basic descriptive statistics of the two analyzed samples (cross-sectional and longitudinal). Males had higher mean CBCL AP scores in the cross-sectional sample (males 1.94 ± 0.21, females 1.43 ± 0.16, t = 1.97, df = 255, p = .05), and in the longitudinal data (males 1.98 ± 0.14, females 1.59 ± 0.11, t = 2.23, df = 670, p = .026). Although there were fewer AP raw scores over 8 in older children, the average AP score remained stable over time.
Cross-Sectional Analysis
There were no direct first-order or
Discussion
In this large neuroanatomical study of healthy children, a cross-sectional association between the “CBCL AP by age” interaction and cortical thickness was identified in various components of the attention network.3, 17 Associations were found in the right IFC, bilateral OFC, bilateral vmPFC, bilateral premotor/supplementary motor cortex, bilateral DLPFC, left mPFC, left dorsal anterior midcingulate cortex (dorsal ACC), left posterior cingulate cortex, left medial temporal gyrus, and a few other
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This article was reviewed under and accepted by Ad Hoc Editor Guido Frank, M.D.
This project was funded in whole or in part with federal funds from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the National Institute of Mental Health, and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (contract nos. N01-HD02-3343, N01-MH9-0002, and N01-NS-9-2314, -2315, -2316, -2317, -2319, and -2320).
The authors express special thanks to the National Institutes of Health contracting officers for their support.
Brain Development Cooperative Group: Key personnel from the six pediatric study centers are as follows: Children's Hospital Medical Center of Cincinnati: Principal Investigator: William S. Ball, M.D.; Investigators: Anna Weber Byars, Ph.D., Mark Schapiro, M.D., Wendy Bommer, R.N., April Carr, B.S., April German, B.A., Scott Dunn, R.T.; Children's Hospital Boston: Principal Investigator: Michael J. Rivkin, M.D.; Investigators: Deborah Waber, Ph.D., Robert Mulkern, Ph.D., Sridhar Vajapeyam, Ph.D., Abigail Chiverton, B.A., Peter Davis, B.S., Julie Koo, B.S., Jacki Marmor, M.A., Christine Mrakotsky, Ph.D., M.A., Richard Robertson, M.D., Gloria McAnulty, Ph.D; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston: Principal Investigators: Michael E. Brandt, Ph.D., Jack M. Fletcher, Ph.D., Larry A. Kramer, M.D.; Investigators: Grace Yang, M.Ed., Cara McCormack, B.S., Kathleen M. Hebert, M.A., Hilda Volero, M.D.; Washington University in St. Louis: Principal Investigators: Kelly Botteron, M.D., Robert C. McKinstry, M.D., Ph.D.; Investigators: William Warren, Tomoyuki Nishino, M.S., C. Robert Almli, Ph.D., Richard Todd, Ph.D., M.D. (deceased), John Constantino, M.D.; University of California Los Angeles: Principal Investigator: James T. McCracken, M.D.; Investigators: Jennifer Levitt, M.D., Jeffrey Alger, Ph.D., Joseph O'Neil, Ph.D., Arthur Toga, Ph.D., Robert Asarnow, Ph.D., David Fadale, B.A., Laura Heinichen, B.A., Cedric Ireland B.A.; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia: Principal Investigators: Dah-Jyuu Wang, Ph.D., and Edward Moss, Ph.D.; Investigators: Robert A. Zimmerman, M.D.; and Research Staff Brooke Bintliff, B.S., Ruth Bradford, Janice Newman, M.B.A.; Data Coordinating Center at McGill University: Principal Investigator: Alan C. Evans, Ph.D.; Investigators: Rozalia Arnaoutelis, B.S., G. Bruce Pike, Ph.D., D. Louis Collins, Ph.D., Gabriel Leonard, Ph.D., Tomas Paus, M.D., Alex Zijdenbos, Ph.D.; and Research Staff Samir Das, B.S., Vladimir Fonov, Ph.D., Luke Fu, B.S., Jonathan Harlap, Ilana Leppert, B.E., Denise Milovan, M.A., Dario Vins, B.C.; Georgetown University: Thomas Zeffiro, M.D., Ph.D., and John Van Meter, Ph.D; Harvard University/McLean Hospital: Nicholas Lange, Sc.D., and Michael P. Froimowitz, M.S., work with data coordinating center staff and all other team members on biostatistical study design and data analyses; Clinical Coordinating Center at Washington University: Principal Investigator: Kelly Botteron, M.D.; Investigators: C. Robert Almli, Ph.D., Cheryl Rainey, B.S., Stan Henderson, M.S., Tomoyuki Nishino, M.S., William Warren, Jennifer L. Edwards, M.SW., Diane Dubois R.N., Karla Smith, Tish Singer, and Aaron A. Wilber, M.S.; Diffusion Tensor Processing Center at the National Institutes of Health: Principal Investigator: Carlo Pierpaoli, M.D., Ph.D.; Investigators: Peter J. Basser, Ph.D., Lin-Ching Chang, Sc.D., Chen Guan Koay, Ph.D., and Lindsay Walker, M.S.; Principal Collaborators at the National Institutes of Health: Lisa Freund, Ph.D. (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development), Judith Rumsey, Ph.D. (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH]), Lauren Baskir, Ph.D. (NIMH), Laurence Stanford, PhD. (National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA]), Karen Sirocco, Ph.D. (NIDA), Katrina Gwinn-Hardy, M.D. (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [NINDS]) and Giovanna Spinella, M.D. (NINDS); Spectroscopy Processing Center at the University of California Los Angeles: Principal Investigator: James T. McCracken, M.D.; Investigators: Jeffry R. Alger, Ph.D., Jennifer Levitt, M.D., Joseph O'Neill, Ph.D.
The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, the National Institutes of Health, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or any other agency of the United States Government.
Supplemental material cited in this article is available online.
Disclosure: Drs. Ducharme and Nguyen receive financial support from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research with a Master's Award: Frederick Banting and Charles Best Canada Graduate Scholarship. Dr. Hudziak has received funding from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease. He serves as a consultant to Erasmus University in Rotterdam and Avera Institute of Human Behavioral Genetics in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Dr. Botteron has received funding from the National Institutes of Health, NIMH, National Institute of Child Health and Human Behavior, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Communities Healing Adolescent Depression and Suicide Foundation, the McDonnell Foundation, the Simons Foundation, and Autism Speaks. Dr. Karama has received funding from the Fonds de Recherche en Santé du Québec. Dr. Evans is the founder and director of Biospective Inc. He serves as a consultant and receives stock options and licensing fees from the company. Dr. Albaugh reports no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.
Supplemental material cited in this article is available online.