Reduced fractional anisotropy of corpus callosum in first-contact, antipsychotic drug-naive patients with schizophrenia
Introduction
The hypothesis that schizophrenia may be a disease of connectivity among different brain regions, although far from new (Kraepelin, 1919, Wernicke, 1906), has gained increasing focus in recent years (Andreasen et al., 1999, Burns, 2004, Crow et al., 2007, Friston, 2005, Friston and Frith, 1995, Hoffman and McGlashan, 2001, Stephan et al., 2006). As a consequence, corpus callosum has also become a topic of a major interest in schizophrenia research; corpus callosum is indeed the most important inter-hemispheric commissure of the brain and is crucially involved in the establishment of cortico-cortical connections and lateralization (Bloom and Hynd, 2005, Gazzaniga, 2000).
A number of post-mortem investigations and structural brain imaging studies in vivo have supported the presence of gross callosal abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia (Highley et al., 1999, Shenton et al., 2001, Woodruff et al., 1995). In addition, research based on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a recently developed technique that offers opportunities for study of the microscopic integrity and organization of the white matter in vivo (Basser and Pierpaoli, 1996), has so far yielded promising but equivocal results. A preponderance of reports demonstrate reduced callosal anisotropy in schizophrenia patients (Agartz et al., 2001, Ardekani et al., 2003, Brambilla et al., 2005, Buchsbaum et al., 2006, Cheung et al., 2008, Douaud et al., 2007, Federspiel et al., 2006, Foong et al., 2000, Hubl et al., 2004, Kanaan et al., 2006, Kyriakopoulos et al., 2008, Price et al., 2007, Rotarska-Jagiela et al., 2008, Shergill et al., 2007), but findings of increased (Hubl et al., 2004) and normal (Buchsbaum et al., 1998, Foong et al., 2002, Kumra et al., 2004, Miyata et al., 2007, Price et al., 2005, Seok et al., 2007, Sun et al., 2003) anisotropy have also been reported. Patient–control differences in callosal anisotropy also varied discretely between the studies as to their topography, with the preponderance of the literature involving the compartments of the splenium (Agartz et al., 2001, Ardekani et al., 2003, Brambilla et al., 2005, Cheung et al., 2008, Douaud et al., 2007, Federspiel et al., 2006, Foong et al., 2000, Kyriakopoulos et al., 2008, Price et al., 2007, Rotarska-Jagiela et al., 2008), and of the genu (Ardekani et al., 2003, Brambilla et al., 2005, Buchsbaum et al., 2006, Douaud et al., 2007, Hubl et al., 2004, Kanaan et al., 2006, Price et al., 2007, Rotarska-Jagiela et al., 2008, Shergill et al., 2007). The preferential localization in the anterior and posterior segments of the corpus callosum indicates that fibres of small diameter, which are predominantly assigned to the temporo-parietal and prefrontal cortical areas, respectively, are a major contributor to low anisotropy (deLacoste et al., 1985, Hofer and Frahm, 2006); therefore, data on callosal anisotropy may be reconciled to some degree with the hypothesis (Crow, 1997, Pearlson et al., 1996, Pearlson and Marsh, 1989) of an involvement of heteromodal association cortex in schizophrenia.
Several factors pertaining to the patients, DTI methods, or both, may have reasonably contributed to inconsistencies between the studies. For example, mixed samples of patients with different diagnoses from the schizophrenia spectrum, variable illness duration, and a heterogeneous history of exposition to antipsychotic drugs have been almost systematically enrolled in the absence of demonstrations that DTI data are not or are only marginally affected by these variables. In turn, the frequent recruitment of a limited number of participants generally prevented an adequate statistical control of these and other putative confounders, although their negative impact is magnified especially when, as in schizophrenia, one is dealing with a clinically and possibly etiopathogenetically heterogeneous disorder. Furthermore, DTI studies of corpus callosum have adopted whole-brain voxel-based analyses (VBA) (Agartz et al., 2001, Ardekani et al., 2003, Cheung et al., 2008, Douaud et al., 2007, Federspiel et al., 2006, Foong et al., 2002, Hubl et al., 2004, Kyriakopoulos et al., 2008, Seok et al., 2007, Shergill et al., 2007) or different ROI techniques (Agartz et al., 2001, Foong et al., 2000, Kumra et al., 2004, Price et al., 2005, Price et al., 2007, Sun et al., 2003). Direct comparisons indicate non-equivalence between methods. Indeed, the application of VBA (Foong et al., 2002) in a subgroup of subjects previously included in a positive ROI study (Foong et al., 2000) failed to confirm patient–control differences of callosal fractional anisotropy (FA); similarly, the genu FA of schizophrenia patients was found to be inferior to that of healthy controls at a non-significant and a significant level when (Kanaan et al., 2006) conventional and tractography-guided ROI measurements were used, respectively.
Studies involving numerically representative samples generally exceed the short-term possibilities of single research centres when restrictive recruitment criteria are adopted. Experimental designs tailored to exclude a discrete number of plausible confounders and the use of optimized FA measurements seem instead more feasible. In particular, research restricted to recent-onset, drug-naive patients merit priority because they offer unique possibilities to challenge the association between callosal FA and schizophrenia net of the eventual moderating effects of the chronicity of the disorder and treatments. Unfortunately, first-episode patients have been the focus of only four studies to date (Cheung et al., 2008, Federspiel et al., 2006, Price et al., 2005, Price et al., 2007). Of these, the sole report (Cheung et al., 2008) on drug-naïve patients showed significantly lower mean FA values in the splenium but not in the genu of the affected participants with respect to the controls.
We report here a new comparative study on splenium and genu FA between first-contact, antipsychotic drug-naive patients with an unequivocal DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of schizophrenia and healthy individuals. An ROI rather than a VBA approach was chosen because the former seems preferable in non-exploratory, hypothesis-driven studies; the latter is probably less able to reveal subtle abnormalities and is more subject to miss-registrations and partial volume artefacts (Federspiel et al., 2006, Kanaan et al., 2006, Kubicki et al., 2007). In turn, the use of large, rectangular, tractography-guided ROIs allowed extended contingents of fibres to be included and subjectivity related to conventional ROI placements on FA maps to be reduced (Kanaan et al., 2006).
Section snippets
Subjects
The study involved an equal number of Caucasian patients and healthy controls living within a 25 km radius from Brescia. To be eligible, both patients and controls had to: (1) be aged between 18 and 45 years and right-handed; (2) have no relatives among the other prospective participants; (3) have a negative history of seizures and/or head trauma with loss of consciousness; (4) have no evidence of concomitant medical or neurological disorders of clinical relevance; (5) have given written
Inter-observer agreement analysis
The Bland and Altman (1986) procedure showed that 39 (92.9%) and 40 (95.3%) out of 42 observations involving the splenium and the genu, respectively, were inside the corresponding 95% agreement band (splenium band 0.0223 in width, 2.6% of the mean of the mean; genu band 0.0353 in width, 4.2% of the mean of the mean).
The Passing and Bablok (1983) approach to FA data of the two raters gave intercept values of − 0.0093 (95% CI − 0.0677 to + 0.0537) and 0.0201 (95% CI − 0.0809 to + 0.0870) and
Discussion
The key message of our study is that first-contact, antipsychotic drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia showed, as a group, lower mean FA values with respect to healthy controls; this difference involved the splenium but not the genu and was possibly stronger in males.
These findings are unlikely to be due to artefacts of the experimental design. Indeed, the possibility of spurious results sustained by uncontrolled sources of variation was restricted by the large number of demographic and
Role of the funding source
An unrestricted grant (project 153) from the Health Authority of the Lombardia Region, Italy, made possible the acquisition of the hardware for the management of the DTI images and the databases. A grant from EULO to the Brescia Centre of Behavioural and Neurodegenerative Disorders partially contributed to the production of the DTI Lab software.
Contributors
Professor Roberto Gasparotti consulted in the design of the study, was responsible for the MR procedures, placed the ROIs, provided scientific supervision of the MR aspects of the study, contributed to the interpretation of results, and co-drafted the first version of the manuscript.
Doctor Paolo Valsecchi organized the collection of clinical information and their recording in the database, co-managed the literature searches, and contributed to the interpretation of the results.
Doctor Francesco
Conflict of interest
Professor Roberto Gasparotti has received funding for research from TEVA Pharmaceutics, and Sanofi Aventis.
Doctor Paolo Valsecchi has received funding for research and sponsored lectures from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Innova Pharma, Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, Pfizer, and Wyeth Lederle.
Doctor Alessandro Galluzzo has received funding for research and sponsored lectures from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly,
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the fundamental contribution of Dr Roberto Grazioli to the production of the DTI Lab software. Professor Cesare Turrina, Dr Alessandra Mosca, and Dr Chiara Ratti contributed to the collection of the clinical data. We thank Ms Claudia Tessuti for secretarial services and Lorna O'Brien for the English revision of the manuscript.
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