Effects of weak electrical currents on brain and neuronal function were first described decades
ago. Recently, DC polarization of the brain was reintroduced as a noninvasive technique …

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), including transcranial direct and alternating current
stimulation (tDCS, tACS) are non-invasive brain stimulation techniques increasingly used for …

A group of European experts was commissioned by the European Chapter of the International
Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology to gather knowledge about the state of the art of …

Cortical excitability changes induced by tDCS and revealed by TMS, are increasingly being
used as an index of neuronal plasticity in the human cortex. The aim of this paper is to …

Direct current stimulation is a neuromodulatory noninvasive brain stimulation tool, which was
first introduced in animal and human experiments in the 1950s, and added to the standard …

A group of European experts was commissioned to establish guidelines on the therapeutic
use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) from evidence published up until …

Previous studies have claimed that weak transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) induces
persisting excitability changes in the human motor cortex that can be more pronounced …

This article is based on a consensus conference, promoted and supported by the International
Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN), which took place in Siena (Italy) in …

Low intensity transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) in humans, encompassing
transcranial direct current (tDCS), transcutaneous spinal Direct Current Stimulation (tsDCS), …

Weak transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the human motor cortex results in
excitability shifts which occur during and after stimulation. These excitability shifts are polarity‐…