For many years, placebos have been defined by their inert content and their use as controls
in clinical trials and treatments in clinical practice. Recent research shows that placebo …

We investigated the mechanisms underlying the activation of endogenous opioids in placebo
analgesia by using the model of human experimental ischemic arm pain. Different types of …

The nocebo effect is a phenomenon that is opposite to the placebo effect, whereby expectation
of a negative outcome may lead to the worsening of a symptom. Thus far, its study has …

Our understanding and conceptualization of the placebo effect has shifted in emphasis from
a focus on the inert content of a physical placebo agent to the overall simulation of a …

The placebo and nocebo effect is believed to be mediated by both cognitive and conditioning
mechanisms, although little is known about their role in different circumstances. In this …

In modern medicine, the placebo response or placebo effect has often been regarded as a
nuisance in basic research and particularly in clinical research. The latest scientific evidence …

Two of the most widely used terms in medicine are'placebo'and placebo effect, even though
it is not always clear what exactly they mean. Recent progress in biomedical research has …

… opioid systems have been shown to have a somatotopic organization, because local
naloxone-reversible placebo responses can be obtained in different parts of the body (Benedetti et …

Considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms
of the placebo effect, and most of our knowledge originates from the field of pain and …

Although placebos have long been considered a nuisance in clinical research, today they
represent an active and productive field of research and, because of the involvement of many …