Major depression, because of its recurring and life-threatening nature, is one of the top 10
diseases for global disease burden. Major depression is still diagnosed on the basis of clinical …

Background Lithium is a first-line treatment in bipolar disorder, but individual response is
variable. Previous studies have suggested that lithium response is a heritable trait. However, …

The pathophysiology of bipolar disorder is still unclear, although family, twin and linkage
studies implicate genetic factors 1 . Here we identified XBP1, a pivotal gene in the endoplasmic …

Despite being considered primarily a mood disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD) is
characterized by cognitive and decision making deficits. Recent research has employed …

Compelling evidence in Caucasian populations suggests a role for copy-number variations (CNVs)
in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). We analyzed 1,108 …

Exercise is known to have beneficial effects on cognition, mood, and the brain. However,
exercise also activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and increases levels of the …

Identifying both the commonalities and differences in brain structures among psychiatric
disorders is important for understanding the pathophysiology. Recently, the ENIGMA-…

The original definition of atypical antipsychotic drugs ( APD ) was drugs that are effective
against positive symptoms in schizophrenia with no or little extrapyramidal symptoms ( EPS ). …

Objective The assessment of response to lithium maintenance treatment in bipolar disorder (BD)
is complicated by variable length of treatment, unpredictable clinical course, and often …

For more than half a decade, lithium has been successfully used to treat bipolar disorder.
Worldwide, it is considered the first-line mood stabilizer. Apart from its proven antimanic and …