It is now established that the hypothalamus is essential in coordinating endocrine, autonomic,
and behavioral responses to changes in energy availability. However, the interaction of …

The administration of leptin 1 to leptin-deficient humans, and the analogous Lep ob /Lep ob
mice, effectively reduces hyperphagia and obesity 2 , 3 . But common obesity is associated …

Food intake is regulated by the hypothalamus, including the melanocortin and neuropeptide
Y (NPY) systems in the arcuate nucleus 1 . The NPY Y2 receptor (Y2R), a putative inhibitory …

The gastrointestinal peptide hormone ghrelin stimulates appetite in rodents and humans via
hypothalamic actions. We discovered expression of ghrelin in a previously uncharacterized …

Central proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons form a potent anorexigenic network, but our
understanding of the integration of this hypothalamic circuit throughout the central nervous …

POMC, the precursor of ACTH, MSH, and beta-endorphin peptides, is expressed in the
pituitary and in two sites in the brain, in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and the …

Corticotropin (ACTH) and melanotropin (MSH) peptides (melanocortins) are produced not
only in the pituitary but also in the brain, with highest concentrations in the arcuate nucleus of …

The actions of corticotropin-releasing hormone (Crh), a mediator of endocrine 1 and behavioural
responses to stress 2, and the related hormone urocortin 3 (Ucn) are coordinated by …

The human dopamine D4 receptor (D4R) has received considerable attention because of its
high affinity for the atypical antipsychotic clozapine and the unusually polymorphic nature of …

D-fenfluramine (d-FEN) was once widely prescribed and was among the most effective
weight loss drugs, but was withdrawn from clinical use because of reports of cardiac …