Neurotrophins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are thought to be transferred
from post- to presynaptic neurons and to be involved in the formation and plasticity of …

Corticostriatal pyramidal cells are heterogeneous in the frontal cortex. Here, we show that
subpopulations of corticostriatal neurons in the rat frontal cortex are selectively connected with …

Whether neocortical γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) cells are composed of a limited number of
distinct classes of neuron, or whether they are continuously differentiated with much higher …

Pyramidal cells in the neocortex are differentiated into several subgroups based on their
extracortical projection targets. However, little is known regarding the relative intracortical …

Neocortical pyramidal neurons with somata in layers 5 and 6 are among the most visually
striking and enigmatic neurons in the brain. These deep-layer pyramidal neurons (DLPNs) …

Higher-order motor cortices, such as the secondary motor area (M2) in rodents, select future
action patterns and transmit them to the primary motor cortex (M1). To better understand …

How information is manipulated and segregated within local circuits in the frontal cortex
remains mysterious, in part because of inadequate knowledge regarding the connectivity of …

Midbrain dopamine neurons supposedly encode reward prediction error, but how error signals
are computed remains elusive. Here, we propose a mechanism based on recent findings …

Humans and animals take actions quickly when they expect that the actions lead to reward,
reflecting their motivation. Injection of dopamine receptor antagonists into the striatum has …

A prominent feature of neocortical pyramidal cells (PCs) is their numerous projections to
diverse brain areas. In layer 5 (L5) of the rat frontal cortex, there are 2 major subtypes of PCs …