Startle syndromes consist of three heterogeneous groups of disorders with abnormal responses
to startling events. The first is hyperekplexia, which can be split up into the "major" or "…

Background: Young patients with anxiety disorders are thought to have a hypersensitive fear
system, including alterations of the early sensorimotor processing of threatening information…

The origin of the startle reflex lies in the caudal brainstem; it can be elicited by an unexpected
stimulus resulting in a bilateral activation of many muscles. Two subsequent responses …

… Author links open overlay panel Mirte J. Bakker PhD a c , Frits Boer MD, PhD c , Marc A.
Benninga MD, PhD b , Johannes HTM Koelman MD, PhD a , Marina AJ Tijssen MD, PhD a …

The nature of culture‐specific startles syndromes such as “Latah” in Indonesia and Malaysia
is ill understood. Hypotheses concerning their origin include sociocultural behavior, …

OBJECTIVE: To find an adequate tool to assess the auditory startle reflex (ASR) in children.
METHODS: We investigated the effect of stimulus repetition, gender and age on several …

… Bakker and colleagues performed a couple of studies in AD children, employing a measurement
over multiple muscles instead. In a case-control study of 25 clinically referred children (…

Cyclosporin A (CsA)-induced neurotoxicities are common, reported in up to 40% of transplant
patients receiving CsA. 1 Tremor is the most common abnormal movement, observed in 20…

… © 2009 Mirte Bakker No part of this thesis may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any
way or by no means, without prior permission of the author. A digital version of this thesis can …