Key points • Application of 2 mA cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation for 20 min
results in cortical excitability enhancement instead of inhibition. • Longer or more intensive …

For >20 years, noninvasive transcranial stimulation techniques like repetitive transcranial
magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and direct current stimulation (tDCS) have been used to induce …

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the importance of the distance between stimulation electrodes, in
various montages, on the ability to induce sustained cortical excitability changes using …

From all rTMS protocols at present, the theta burst stimulation (TBS) is considered the most
efficient in terms of number of impulses and intensity required during a given stimulation. The …

BACKGROUND: The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene is involved in mechanisms
of synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. It has been demonstrated that BDNF also plays a …

BACKGROUND: Recently we have shown that transcranial random noise (tRNS) and 140 Hz
transcranial alternating current stimulations (tACS), applied over the primary motor cortex (…

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has become a well established procedure for testing
and modulating the neuronal excitability of human brain areas, but relatively little is known …

Alleviating the symptoms of neurological diseases by increasing cortical excitability through
transcranial stimulation is an ongoing scientific challenge. Here, we tackle this issue by …

Synchronized oscillatory activity at alpha (8–12Hz) and beta (13–30Hz) frequencies plays a
key role in motor control. Nevertheless, its exact functional significance has yet to be solved. …

Attempts to enhance human memory and learning ability have a long tradition in science.
This topic has recently gained substantial attention because of the increasing percentage of …