The regulatory phosphorylation sites of MAP kinases. Xenopus and mammalian MAP kinases
become active only when both threonine and tyrosine residues are phosphorylated. These …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades are activated in response to various
extracellular stimuli, including growth factors and environmental stresses. A MAP kinase kinase …

The temporally and spatially restricted nature of the differentiation capacity of cells in the
neural lineage has been studied extensively in recent years. Epigenetic control of …

The phosphorylation of the human estrogen receptor (ER) serine residue at position 118 is
required for full activity of the ER activation function 1 (AF-1). This Ser 118 is phosphorylated …

Growth factors can promote cell survival by activating the phosphatidylinositide-3′-OH kinase
and its downstream target, the serine-threonine kinase Akt. However, the mechanism by …

Cortical neural precursor cells (NPCs) sequentially undergo expansion, neurogenic and
gliogenic phases during development, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly …

p53 plays a key role in DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Recent studies have reported that
the phosphatidylinositol 3-OH-kinase-Akt pathway inhibits p53-mediated transcription and …

Neural precursor cells (NPCs) have the ability to self-renew and to give rise to neuronal and
glial lineages. The fate decision of NPCs between proliferation and differentiation …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) regulates many aspects of cellular function. A member
of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) family, TAK1, was …

Targeted gene disruption studies have established that the c‐Jun NH 2 ‐terminal kinase (JNK)
is required for the stress‐induced release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and apoptosis, …