Simple Summary Good animal welfare requires minimizing suffering and promoting positive
experiences. To achieve this, we need reliable indicators of animals' psychological states. In …

Recent studies have used a loud (> 120dB) startle-eliciting acoustic stimulus as a probe to
investigate early motor response preparation in humans. The use of a startle in these studies …

The measurement of tinnitus in humans relies on subjective measures such as self-report,
visual analog scales and questionnaires. Gap detection impairments have been tested in …

Psychophysiology—the study of interactions between physiological systems and
psychological states and traits—has a long history of use in psychopathology research …

Background: Psychophysiological hyperresponsiveness to social‐evaluative stress plays a
key role in current theories of social phobia (SP). Owing to the early onset of this disorder …

The locus coeruleus (LC) is activated by noxious stimuli, and this activation leads to
inhibition of perceived pain. As two physiological reflexes, the acoustic startle reflex and the …

Zebrafish is an established animal model for the reproduction and study of neurobiological
pathogenesis of human neurological conditions. The 'startle reflex'in zebrafish larvae is an …

Sensory experiences dynamically modify whether animals respond to a given stimulus, but it
is unclear how innate behavioral thresholds are established. Here, we identify molecular …

Psychiatric disorders represent a significant burden in our societies. Despite the convincing
evidence pointing at gene and gene-environment interaction contributions, the role of …

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a prevalent and chronic mental disorder that elicits
widespread functional impairment. Given the high degree of non-response/partial response …