Background: Bipolar disorder is characterized by cyclical alternation between mania and
depression, often comorbid with psychosis and suicide. Compared with other medications …

Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are two debilitating mental health disorders associated
with both severe impairment and increased suicide risk. Several lines of evidence indicate …

Lithium has been used for over half a century for the treatment of bipolar disorder as the
archetypal mood stabilizer, and has a wealth of empirical evidence supporting its efficacy in …

Since its discovery, lithium has been shown to act upon various neurotransmitter systems at
multiple levels of signaling in the brain. Lithium, affecting each neurotransmitter system …

Increasing evidence indicates lithium (Li+) efficacy in neuropsychiatry, pointing to
overlapping mechanisms that occur within distinct neuronal populations. In fact, the same …

This review introduces the concepts that multiple actions of lithium are critical for its
therapeutic effect, and that these complex effects stabilize neuronal activities, support neural …

Lithium is the most effective and well established treatment for bipolar disorder, and it has a
broad array of effects within cellular pathways. However, the specific processes through …

Over the last six decades, lithium has been considered the gold standard treatment for the
long-term management of bipolar disorder due to its efficacy in preventing both manic and …

Background Lithium is the lightest metal and the only mood stabilizer that has been used for
over half a century for the treatment of bipolar disorder (BD). As a small ion, lithium is …

Lithium is the mainstay of pharmacotherapy for treating bipolar disorder (BD). However,
despite its wide use for over 60 years in the clinic, its mechanisms of action are not yet well …