Throughout most of their lives, women are at greater risk for depression than men.
Hormones and neurotransmitters share common pathways and receptor sites in areas of the …

Epidemiologic data consistently report an elevated prevalence of major depressive disorder
(MDD) in women. This increase begins during adolescence and continues through the …

The lifetime risk for major depression in women is well known to be twice the risk in men and
is especially high during the reproductive years between menarche and menopause. A …

Epidemiologic research indicates that roughly 1 in 5 women will experience an episode of
major depressive disorder (MDD) at some point in their lifetime. 1 Importantly, for some …

Major depression is twice as common in women as men and depressive episodes appear to
be more common in women with bipolar disorder. There is accumulating evidence that, in at …

The lifetime prevalence of mood disorders in women is approximately twice that of men. The
underlying causality of this gender difference is not yet understood. There is increasing …

Background Associations between depressed mood and hormonal changes during
transition to menopause are controversial. To our knowledge, there has been no prospective …

Abstract Social Signal Transduction Theory of Depression is a biologically plausible, multi-
level theory that describes neural, physiologic, molecular, and genomic mechanisms that …

Although few studies dispute that there are gender differences in depression, the etiology is
still unknown. In this review, we cover a number of proposed factors and the evidences for …

Objective: In this conceptual review, the authors propose a novel mechanistic candidate in
the etiology of depression with onset in the menopause transition (“perimenopausal …