Converging research efforts over the last 4 decades have established beyond a doubt that
many, if not most, neurons release more than 1 neurotransmitter. Although much attention …

Dopamine neurons have been suggested to use glutamate as a cotransmitter. To identify the
basis of such a phenotype, we have examined the expression of the three recently identified …

Multiple discoveries made since the identification of vesicular glutamate transporters
(VGLUTs) two decades ago revealed that many neuronal populations in the brain use …

There is solid electron microscopic data demonstrating the existence of dopamine (DA) axon
terminals (varicosities) with or without synaptic membrane specializations (junctional …

Recent data indicate that'classical'neurotransmitters can also act as co-transmitters. This
notion has been strengthened by the demonstration that three vesicular glutamate …

Recent studies have proposed that glutamate corelease by mesostriatal dopamine (DA)
neurons regulates behavioral activation by psychostimulants. How and when glutamate …

Mesencephalic dopamine (DA) neurons have been suggested to use glutamate as a
cotransmitter. Here, we suggest a mechanism for this form of cotransmission by showing that …

Discovered just over 20 years ago, dopamine neurons have the ability to cotransmit both
dopamine and glutamate. Yet, the functional roles of dopamine neuron glutamate …

A major challenge in neuroscience is to resolve the connection between gene functionality,
neuronal circuits, and behavior. Most, if not all, neuronal circuits of the adult brain contain a …

Midbrain dopamine neurons signal rapid information about rewards and reward‐related
events. It has been suggested that this fast signal may, in fact, be conveyed by co‐released …