Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Fig. 1
Increased grey matter volume in the left hypothalamus of patients with borderline personality disorder compared with healthy controls (region of Interest analysis p≤ 0.05, family-wise error–corrected).
Tables
- Table 1
Demographic characteristics of patients with borderline personality disorder and healthy controls
Group; mean (SD) Characteristic BPD Control t61 p value* Age, yr 23.7 (4.6) 24.4 (4.1) −0.69 0.49 Education, school yr 11.8 (1.6) 12.0 (1.4) −1.18 0.66 IQ† 112.4 (12.2) 112.7 (10.9) −0.11 0.91 GAF score 69.3 (8.57) 100 (0.0) −5.83 < 0.001 Intracranial volume, mL 1338.0 (121.1) 1378.2 (116.7) −0.73 0.19 BPD criteria, IPDE score 6.9 (1.4) 0.0 (0.0) 8.84 < 0.001 BDI score 24.3 (12.9) 5.7 (8.7) 6.75 < 0.001 BIS score 62.2 (13.9) 60.8 (4.7) 0.71 0.48 BSL score 1.6 (0.9) 0.1 (0.2) 9.27 < 0.001 CTQ score 56.2 (17.5) 30.6 (7.5) 7.65 < 0.001 FAF score Spontaneous aggression 3.9 (2.9) 1.4 (2.1) 4.12 < 0.001 Reactive aggression 3.9 (2.2) 1.4 (1.6) 5.21 < 0.001 Irritability 7.7 (3.4) 3.6 (2.7) 5.46 < 0.001 Self-aggression 7.7 (2.8) 1.9 (2.6) 8.71 < 0.001 Inhibition 5.5 (2.0) 5.5 (1.9) 0.16 0.87 Openness 6.8 (1.7) 4.3 (2.2) 5.04 < 0.001 Aggression sum 15.6 (7.2) 6.3 (5.497) 5.79 < 0.001 STAXI score Anger temperament 11.8 (4.3) 7.9 (3.0) 4.29 < 0.001 Anger reaction 12.3 (4.2) 8.2 (2.8) 4.65 < 0.001 Anger, in 20.7 (6.5) 13.7 (4.6) 5.05 < 0.001 Anger, out 15.1 (5.3) 10.5 (3.0) 4.29 < 0.001 Anger, control 19.9 (5.3) 24.0 (3.8) −3.56 < 0.001 BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; (21) BIS = Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; (22) BPD = borderline personality disorder; BSL = Borderline Symptom List; (23) CTQ = Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; (24) FAF = Questionnaire for the Assessment of Factors of Aggression; (25) GAF = Global Assessment Functioning; (26) IPDE = International Disorder Examination for DSM–IV; (27) SD = standard deviation; STAXI = State–Trait Anger Inventory. (28)
↵* Uncorrected for multiple comparisons.
↵† Hamburg–Wechsler Intelligence Test. (29)
- Table 2
Voxel-based morphometric differences between patients with borderline personality disorder and healthy controls in whole brain analysis
MNI peak voxel Contrast; location of peak voxels* x y z t p value† z Cluster size, k Controls > BPD Left hippocampus −26 −30 −4 6.67 0.001 5.75 59 Vermis 10 2 −42 −40 6.34 0.002 5.52 25 Left inferior parietal gyrus −30 −82 44 6.1 0.005 5.36 24 Left middle temporal gyrus −58 −72 0 5.5 0.036 4.93 32 Right hippocampus 28 −30 −2 4.93 0.20 4.5 17 Left superior parietal gyrus −26 −72 54 4.91 0.21 4.48 19 Left middle temporal gyrus −70 −38 −2 4.91 0.21 4.48 46 Left precentral gyrus −36 −20 60 4.84 0.26 4.43 20 Left paracentral lobe −22 −26 74 4.75 0.32 4.36 58 Right superior frontal gyrus 28 −10 70 4.74 0.33 4.35 10 Left middle occipital gyrus −22 −98 10 4.74 0.33 4.35 42 Inferior triangular frontal part 48 26 6 4.64 0.42 4.27 12 — −2 −6 18 4.62 0.44 4.25 25 Left medial superior frontal gyrus −8 70 16 4.28 0.78 3.98 18 Right postcentral gyrus 26 −34 66 4.17 0.87 3.89 22 Right middle temporal gyrus 46 −50 12 4.11 0.91 3.85 12 Right paracentral lobe 10 −40 64 4.10 0.92 3.83 43 Right inferior occipital gyrus 34 −96 −2 4.06 0.94 3.8 23 Right caudate 6 18 6 4.02 0.96 3.76 10 Left inferior temporal gyrus −64 −56 −14 3.97 0.97 3.73 11 Left middle temporal gyrus −60 −44 −12 3.95 0.98 3.71 32 Left middle temporal pole −22 12 −38 3.89 0.99 3.66 18 Left postcentral lobe −58 −8 44 3.87 0.99 3.64 16 Right medial orbitofrontal gyrus 14 46 −4 3.82 > 0.99 3.6 10 — −50 −80 −12 3.73 > 0.99 3.52 10 BPD > controls Left putamen −32 −22 0 6.21 0.003 5.44 86 Right Heschl 42 −26 4 5.87 0.011 5.2 27 Right putamen right 32 −12 2 5.69 0.019 5.07 111 Left supplementary motor area 2 −6 50 5.30 0.07 4.78 21 Left cerebellum 7 −20 −70 −42 5.13 0.11 4.65 15 Right middle frontal gyrus 34 24 46 5.09 0.13 4.62 12 Left superior temporal gyrus −40 −28 2 5.08 0.13 4.61 11 Right middle cingulum 8 6 34 4.71 0.36 4.32 14 Left superior occipital gyrus −22 −80 32 4.18 0.87 3.9 41 Left cerebellum 6 −22 −50 −32 4.15 0.89 3.87 20 — 16 −50 −30 3.88 0.99 3.65 10 — −6 −50 −24 3.86 > 0.99 3.64 10 — 4 −36 −42 3.85 > 0.99 3.62 70 Left cerebellum −30 −66 −20 3.80 > 0.99 3.58 38 Vermis 6/Vermis 4/5 4 −66 −10 3.66 > 0.99 3.47 18 - Table 3
Voxel-based morphometric differences between patients with borderline personality disorder and healthy controls in regions of interest analysis
Contrast; location of peak voxels* MNI peak voxel t p value† z Cluster size, k x y z Controls > BPD Right hippocampus 28 −30 −4 6.67 < 0.001 5.75 111 Left hippocampus −26 −30 −4 4.87 0.003 4.45 53 BPD > controls Left hypothalamus −6 −4 −4 3.57 0.023 3.39 10 −8 −2 −8 3.42 0.033 3.25 BPD with CTQ covaried Right hypothalamus 4 −6 −12 3.69 0.07 3.29 68 −4 −6 −12 3.51 0.07 3.51 BPD = borderline personality disorder; CTQ = Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; (24) MNI = Montreal Neurological Institute.
↵* According to Automated Anatomic Labelling atlas.
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