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Research Paper

Olfactory performance segregates effects of anhedonia and anxiety on social function in patients with schizophrenia

Kristina Cieslak, Julie Walsh-Messinger, Arielle Stanford, Leila Vaez-Azizi, Daniel Antonius, Jill Harkavy-Friedman, Deborah Goetz, Raymond R. Goetz and Dolores Malaspina
J Psychiatry Neurosci November 01, 2015 40 (6) 387-393; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.140268
Kristina Cieslak
From the Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Social, and Psychiatric Initiative (InSPIRES), New York, NY (Cieslak, Walsh-Messinger, Stanford, Vaez-Azizi, Antonius, D. Goetz, R. Goetz, Malaspina); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Walsh-Messinger); the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY (Antonius); the American Society for Suicide Prevention, New York, NY (Harkavy-Friedman); and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY (R. Goetz).
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Julie Walsh-Messinger
From the Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Social, and Psychiatric Initiative (InSPIRES), New York, NY (Cieslak, Walsh-Messinger, Stanford, Vaez-Azizi, Antonius, D. Goetz, R. Goetz, Malaspina); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Walsh-Messinger); the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY (Antonius); the American Society for Suicide Prevention, New York, NY (Harkavy-Friedman); and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY (R. Goetz).
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Arielle Stanford
From the Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Social, and Psychiatric Initiative (InSPIRES), New York, NY (Cieslak, Walsh-Messinger, Stanford, Vaez-Azizi, Antonius, D. Goetz, R. Goetz, Malaspina); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Walsh-Messinger); the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY (Antonius); the American Society for Suicide Prevention, New York, NY (Harkavy-Friedman); and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY (R. Goetz).
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Leila Vaez-Azizi
From the Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Social, and Psychiatric Initiative (InSPIRES), New York, NY (Cieslak, Walsh-Messinger, Stanford, Vaez-Azizi, Antonius, D. Goetz, R. Goetz, Malaspina); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Walsh-Messinger); the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY (Antonius); the American Society for Suicide Prevention, New York, NY (Harkavy-Friedman); and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY (R. Goetz).
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Daniel Antonius
From the Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Social, and Psychiatric Initiative (InSPIRES), New York, NY (Cieslak, Walsh-Messinger, Stanford, Vaez-Azizi, Antonius, D. Goetz, R. Goetz, Malaspina); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Walsh-Messinger); the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY (Antonius); the American Society for Suicide Prevention, New York, NY (Harkavy-Friedman); and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY (R. Goetz).
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Jill Harkavy-Friedman
From the Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Social, and Psychiatric Initiative (InSPIRES), New York, NY (Cieslak, Walsh-Messinger, Stanford, Vaez-Azizi, Antonius, D. Goetz, R. Goetz, Malaspina); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Walsh-Messinger); the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY (Antonius); the American Society for Suicide Prevention, New York, NY (Harkavy-Friedman); and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY (R. Goetz).
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Deborah Goetz
From the Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Social, and Psychiatric Initiative (InSPIRES), New York, NY (Cieslak, Walsh-Messinger, Stanford, Vaez-Azizi, Antonius, D. Goetz, R. Goetz, Malaspina); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Walsh-Messinger); the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY (Antonius); the American Society for Suicide Prevention, New York, NY (Harkavy-Friedman); and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY (R. Goetz).
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Raymond R. Goetz
From the Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Social, and Psychiatric Initiative (InSPIRES), New York, NY (Cieslak, Walsh-Messinger, Stanford, Vaez-Azizi, Antonius, D. Goetz, R. Goetz, Malaspina); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Walsh-Messinger); the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY (Antonius); the American Society for Suicide Prevention, New York, NY (Harkavy-Friedman); and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY (R. Goetz).
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Dolores Malaspina
From the Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Social, and Psychiatric Initiative (InSPIRES), New York, NY (Cieslak, Walsh-Messinger, Stanford, Vaez-Azizi, Antonius, D. Goetz, R. Goetz, Malaspina); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Walsh-Messinger); the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY (Antonius); the American Society for Suicide Prevention, New York, NY (Harkavy-Friedman); and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY (R. Goetz).
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  • For correspondence: [email protected]
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    Table 1

    Demographic and clinical characteristics and measures of olfaction in healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia, by sex

    Controls; mean ± SD*Patients; mean ± SD*Group; statistic,†p value
    CharacteristicMen
    n = 18
    Women
    n = 19
    Men
    n = 29
    Women
    n = 27
    DiagnosisSexDiagnosis × sex
    Age, yr‡29.5 ± 8.335.8 ± 14.532.2 ± 10.333.0 ± 8.3F = 0.00, p = 0.98F = 2.61, p = 0.11F = 1.59, p =0.21
    Age at illness onset, yr——22.9 ± 6.425.2 ± 7.0—t = 1.26, p = 0.21—
    Education (category)‡4.4 ± 0.925.0 ± 0.783.2 ± 1.64.1 ± 1.3F = 15.70, p < 0.001F = 7.34, p = 0.008F = 0.67, p = 0.42
    Olfaction
     Smell identificationn = 17
    31.5 ± 3.6
    n = 19
    33.4 ± 4.5
    n = 28
    30.4 ± 4.0
    n = 26
    32.2 ± 4.4
    F = 1.66, p = 0.20F = 4.40, p = 0.039F = 0.01, p = 0.93
     Odour sensitivity‡n = 17
    4.63 ± 1.5
    n = 16
    4.73 ± 1.0
    n = 23
    4.29 ± 1.4
    n = 23
    5.16 ± 2.2
    F = 0.01, p = 0.91F = 1.67, p = 0.20F = 1.06, p = 0.31
    PANSS symptoms——n = 27n = 25—λ = 0.05, p = 0.99—
     Positive total——12.0 ± 5.312.2 ± 7.9—F = 0.02, p = 0.88—
     Negative total——13.7 ± 5.513.2 ± 5.6—F = 0.10, p = 0.76—
     General total——25.5 ± 5.925.6 ± 9.3—F = 0.00, p = 0.97—
    HAMD-24——7.6 ± 6.09.2 ± 7.3—t = 0.92, p = 0.36—
    • HAMD-24: 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; PANSS = Positive and Negative Symptom Scale; SD = standard deviation.

    • ↵* Unless otherwise indicated.

    • ↵† Test statistic: analysis of variance. Clinical symptoms were examined across sex using a multivariate analysis of variance statistic for the PANSS scales and the t test statistic for the HAMD-24 and the Young Mania Rating scales.

    • ↵‡ For age, education and odour sensitivity, the equality of variances test was significant.

    • View popup
    Table 2

    Anhedonia and anxiety measures in healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia, by sex

    Controls; mean ± SD*Patients; mean ± SD*Group; statistic,†p value
    MeasureMenWomenMenWomenDiagnosisSexDiagnosis × sex
    Chapman Scalesn = 17n = 18n = 27n = 26λ2,83 = 3.44, p = 0.037λ2,83 = 4.54, p = 0.013λ2,83 = 0.59, p = 0.56
     Physical anhedonia16.0 ± 7.69.4 ± 5.617.9 ± 7.614.7 ± 8.4F = 4.84, p = 0.031F = 8.97, p = 0.004F = 1.06, p = 0.31
     Social anhedonia10.5 ± 6.27.3 ± 5.413.4 ± 6.611.0 ± 6.6F = 5.88, p = 0.017F = 4.16, p = 0.045F = 0.06, p = 0.80
    LSASn = 17n = 17n = 26n = 25λ4,78 = 6.80, p < 0.001λ4,78 = 0.79, p = 0.54λ4,78 = 0.57, p = 0.69
     Social fear3.5 ± 4.35.9 ± 6.212.3 ± 8.212.0 ± 7.6F = 23.00, p < 0.001F = 0.46, p = 0.50F = 0.76, p = 0.39
     Performance fear3.9 ± 4.26.2 ± 5.012.7 ± 7.712.2 ± 8.3F = 23.76, p < 0.001F = 0.34, p = 0.56F = 0.78, p = 0.38
     Social avoidance3.4 ± 3.85.0 ± 6.313.1 ± 9.610.4 ± 7.2F = 21.31, p < 0.001F = 0.10, p = 0.75F = 1.74, p = 0.19
     Performance avoidance3.4 ± 4.74.5 ± 5.312.5 ± 8.110.5 ± 7.5F = 24.68, p < 0.001F = 0.09, p = 0.77F = 1.06, p = 0.31
     LSAS total (ANCOVA)14.2 ± 13.521.6 ± 21.750.6 ± 31.245.2 ± 27.7F = 28.00, p < 0.001F = 0.03, p = 0.86F = 1.29, p = 0.26
     Social Function Scale total835 ± 49868 ± 24755 ± 79802 ± 58F = 31.96, p < 0.001F = 9.91, p = 0.002F = 0.30, p = 0.58
    • ANCOVA = analysis of covariance; LSAS = Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale; SD = standard deviation.

    • ↵* Unless otherwise indicated.

    • ↵† Multivariate analysis of variance.

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Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience: 40 (6)
J Psychiatry Neurosci
Vol. 40, Issue 6
1 Nov 2015
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Olfactory performance segregates effects of anhedonia and anxiety on social function in patients with schizophrenia
Kristina Cieslak, Julie Walsh-Messinger, Arielle Stanford, Leila Vaez-Azizi, Daniel Antonius, Jill Harkavy-Friedman, Deborah Goetz, Raymond R. Goetz, Dolores Malaspina
J Psychiatry Neurosci Nov 2015, 40 (6) 387-393; DOI: 10.1503/jpn.140268

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Olfactory performance segregates effects of anhedonia and anxiety on social function in patients with schizophrenia
Kristina Cieslak, Julie Walsh-Messinger, Arielle Stanford, Leila Vaez-Azizi, Daniel Antonius, Jill Harkavy-Friedman, Deborah Goetz, Raymond R. Goetz, Dolores Malaspina
J Psychiatry Neurosci Nov 2015, 40 (6) 387-393; DOI: 10.1503/jpn.140268
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