Article Figures & Tables
Tables
- Table 1
Demographic and clinical characteristics and measures of olfaction in healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia, by sex
Controls; mean ± SD* Patients; mean ± SD* Group; statistic,†p value Characteristic Men
n = 18Women
n = 19Men
n = 29Women
n = 27Diagnosis Sex Diagnosis × sex Age, yr‡ 29.5 ± 8.3 35.8 ± 14.5 32.2 ± 10.3 33.0 ± 8.3 F = 0.00, p = 0.98 F = 2.61, p = 0.11 F = 1.59, p =0.21 Age at illness onset, yr — — 22.9 ± 6.4 25.2 ± 7.0 — t = 1.26, p = 0.21 — Education (category)‡ 4.4 ± 0.92 5.0 ± 0.78 3.2 ± 1.6 4.1 ± 1.3 F = 15.70, p < 0.001 F = 7.34, p = 0.008 F = 0.67, p = 0.42 Olfaction Smell identification n = 17
31.5 ± 3.6n = 19
33.4 ± 4.5n = 28
30.4 ± 4.0n = 26
32.2 ± 4.4F = 1.66, p = 0.20 F = 4.40, p = 0.039 F = 0.01, p = 0.93 Odour sensitivity‡ n = 17
4.63 ± 1.5n = 16
4.73 ± 1.0n = 23
4.29 ± 1.4n = 23
5.16 ± 2.2F = 0.01, p = 0.91 F = 1.67, p = 0.20 F = 1.06, p = 0.31 PANSS symptoms — — n = 27 n = 25 — λ = 0.05, p = 0.99 — Positive total — — 12.0 ± 5.3 12.2 ± 7.9 — F = 0.02, p = 0.88 — Negative total — — 13.7 ± 5.5 13.2 ± 5.6 — F = 0.10, p = 0.76 — General total — — 25.5 ± 5.9 25.6 ± 9.3 — F = 0.00, p = 0.97 — HAMD-24 — — 7.6 ± 6.0 9.2 ± 7.3 — t = 0.92, p = 0.36 — HAMD-24: 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; PANSS = Positive and Negative Symptom Scale; SD = standard deviation.
↵* Unless otherwise indicated.
↵† Test statistic: analysis of variance. Clinical symptoms were examined across sex using a multivariate analysis of variance statistic for the PANSS scales and the t test statistic for the HAMD-24 and the Young Mania Rating scales.
↵‡ For age, education and odour sensitivity, the equality of variances test was significant.
- Table 2
Anhedonia and anxiety measures in healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia, by sex
Controls; mean ± SD* Patients; mean ± SD* Group; statistic,†p value Measure Men Women Men Women Diagnosis Sex Diagnosis × sex Chapman Scales n = 17 n = 18 n = 27 n = 26 λ2,83 = 3.44, p = 0.037 λ2,83 = 4.54, p = 0.013 λ2,83 = 0.59, p = 0.56 Physical anhedonia 16.0 ± 7.6 9.4 ± 5.6 17.9 ± 7.6 14.7 ± 8.4 F = 4.84, p = 0.031 F = 8.97, p = 0.004 F = 1.06, p = 0.31 Social anhedonia 10.5 ± 6.2 7.3 ± 5.4 13.4 ± 6.6 11.0 ± 6.6 F = 5.88, p = 0.017 F = 4.16, p = 0.045 F = 0.06, p = 0.80 LSAS n = 17 n = 17 n = 26 n = 25 λ4,78 = 6.80, p < 0.001 λ4,78 = 0.79, p = 0.54 λ4,78 = 0.57, p = 0.69 Social fear 3.5 ± 4.3 5.9 ± 6.2 12.3 ± 8.2 12.0 ± 7.6 F = 23.00, p < 0.001 F = 0.46, p = 0.50 F = 0.76, p = 0.39 Performance fear 3.9 ± 4.2 6.2 ± 5.0 12.7 ± 7.7 12.2 ± 8.3 F = 23.76, p < 0.001 F = 0.34, p = 0.56 F = 0.78, p = 0.38 Social avoidance 3.4 ± 3.8 5.0 ± 6.3 13.1 ± 9.6 10.4 ± 7.2 F = 21.31, p < 0.001 F = 0.10, p = 0.75 F = 1.74, p = 0.19 Performance avoidance 3.4 ± 4.7 4.5 ± 5.3 12.5 ± 8.1 10.5 ± 7.5 F = 24.68, p < 0.001 F = 0.09, p = 0.77 F = 1.06, p = 0.31 LSAS total (ANCOVA) 14.2 ± 13.5 21.6 ± 21.7 50.6 ± 31.2 45.2 ± 27.7 F = 28.00, p < 0.001 F = 0.03, p = 0.86 F = 1.29, p = 0.26 Social Function Scale total 835 ± 49 868 ± 24 755 ± 79 802 ± 58 F = 31.96, p < 0.001 F = 9.91, p = 0.002 F = 0.30, p = 0.58