Age, yr | 31.21 ± 9.82 | 32.63 ± 9.09 | 34.23 ± 10.49 | F2,260 = 1.30 | 0.28 |
Sex, male:females | 47:30 | 103:47 | 16:19 | χ22 = 6.69 | 0.035‡ |
Race, Chinese:Malay:Indian:other | 65:6:4:2 | 134:6:9:1 | 32:0:3:0 | χ22 = 6.21 | 0.40 |
Handedness, right:left | 70:7 | 138:12 | 32:3 | χ22 0.37 | 0.83 |
Clinical measures |
Young Mania Rating Scale score | — | — | 3.14 ± 4.62 | — | — |
Manic episodes | — | — | 2.69 ± 1.25 | — | — |
Depressive episodes | — | — | 1.92 ± 3.33 | — | — |
Duration of illness, yr | — | 6.59 ± 7.38 | 3.16 ± 4.42 | t183 = 2.63 | 0.010 |
Antipsychotic dosage, CPZ equivalents | — | 199.57 ± 184.09 | 128.86 ± 148.33 | t183 = 2.11 | 0.036 |
Mood stabilizers, lithium:valproic acid:none | — | 5:25:120 | 9:16:10 | χ22 = 39.7 | < 0.001§ |
Hospital admissions | — | 2.43 ± 2.76 | 2.37 ± 2.20 | t183 = −2.85 | 0.90 |
Global Assessment of Function score | — | 50.77 ± 18.01 | 67.14 ± 20.08 | t183 = 0.124 | < 0.001¶ |
PANSS score |
Negative Symptoms | — | 10.59 ± 3.81 | 8.20 ± 2.64 | t183 = −4.74 | < 0.001¶ |
Positive Symptoms | — | 8.95 ± 3.02 | 7.06 ± 0.34 | t183 = 3.71 | < 0.001¶ |
Global Psychopathology | — | 20.20 ± 3.68 | 17.80 ± 1.98 | t183 = 3.52 | < 0.001¶ |
QOL measures† |
Physical health | 72.11 ± 10.37 | 61.54 ± 15.40 | 66.39 ± 16.44 | F2,249 = 13.38 | < 0.001** |
Psychological | 67.64 ± 11.80 | 56.45 ± 18.50 | 65.00 ± 19.42 | F2,249 = 11.71 | < 0.001†† |
Social relationships | 69.06 ± 15.43 | 54.34 ± 20.27 | 61.67 ± 17.17 | F2,249 = 15.46 | < 0.001‡‡ |
Environment | 69.43 ± 10.96 | 58.53 ± 16.94 | 64.73 ± 15.49 | F2,249 = 12.82 | < 0.001§§ |