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Figures
- Fig. 1
Main effects of negative view and reappraisal. The displayed clusters survived correction for multiple comparisons at pCWC,FWE < 0.05, at a cluster extent threshold of k = 20 based on corrected voxels at pFWE < 0.05. The contrast maps are projected onto the normalized MRIcron template brain. CWC = cluster-wise correction; FWE = family-wise error correction.
- Fig. 2
Interaction effect for patients with ADHD (negative view > neutral view) > healthy controls (negative view > neutral view). The reported clusters survived correction for multiple comparisons at pCWC,FWE < 0.05, at a cluster extent threshold of k = 240 based on uncorrected voxels at p < 0.001. The contrast maps are projected onto the normalized MRIcron template brain. The bar graph depicts the eigenvariates of the first cluster in the right dorsal ACC. The bars represent activation of the cluster during all 3 conditions, but the contrast was significant only for the interaction. This figure shows that this area of the ACC was similarly activated in both groups during reappraisal. ACC = anterior cingulate cortex; ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
- Fig. 3
Positive correlations between self-reported habitual reappraisal (Emotion Regulation Questionnaire) and activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex for ADHD (negative view > neutral view) > healthy controls (negative view > neutral view) in patients with ADHD and healthy controls, separately. The activation was extracted using the first eigenvariate of the first (largest) cluster. ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ERQ = Emotion Regulation Questionnaire.
Tables
Characteristic ADHD (n = 30)* Healthy controls (n = 35)* Statistical test p value Male/female, no. 19/11 19/16 χ21 = 0.545 0.461 Age, yr† 31.40 ± 8.21 28.89 ± 7.77 U = 417.50 0.156 Education, yr† 11.79 ±1.40 12.35 ± 1.15 U = 346.00 0.039 WAIS-IV vocabulary score 41.79 ± 9.45 44.03 ± 5.89 t43,11 = −1.10 0.279 WAIS-IV matrix reasoning score† 20.62 ± 2.80 20.66 ± 3.00 U = 488.00 0.791 FAIR-Q score† 0.91 ± 0.08 0.94 ± 0.04 U = 371.00 0.092 WURS-K score† 38.59 ± 10.56 11.18 ± 7.99 U = 25.50 < 0.001 ADHD-SR score† 32.48 ± 8.80 5.12 ± 3.77 U = 1.50 < 0.001 BDI-II score† 16.00 ± 9.94 2.40 ± 2.90 U = 76.50 < 0.001 ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ADHD-SR = ADHD Self Report Scale; BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory II; FAIR-Q = Frankfurt Attention Inventory performance quality index; WAIS-IV = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; WURS-K = Wender Utah Rating Scale, German short version.
↵* Unless otherwise indicated, data are mean ± standard deviation.
↵† Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test.
- Table 2
Interaction effect, patients with ADHD (negative view > neutral view) > healthy controls (negative view > neutral view)
Anatomic regions Cluster* Voxel pcorr k tpeak MNI coordinates, x, y, z Right anterior cingulate cortex, right medial superior frontal gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus < 0.009 389 4.57 14, 44, 22 Right anterior cingulate cortex, right medial orbital frontal gyrus, left anterior cingulate cortex, right medial superior frontal gyrus, left medial orbital frontal gyrus < 0.030 281 4.12 10, 44, −4 Left anterior cingulate cortex, left medial superior frontal gyrus < 0.016 334 4.10 −16, 34, 20 ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CWC = cluster-wise correction; FWE = family-wise error correction; k = cluster size; MNI = Montreal Neurological Institute; pcorr = whole-brain-corrected cluster p values; tpeak = t values of the peak voxel of the cluster.
↵* The reported clusters survived correction for multiple comparisons at pCWC,FWE < 0.05, at a cluster extent threshold of k = 240 based on uncorrected voxels at p < 0.001. Only anatomic regions overlapping at least 5% with the cluster are reported. The order of the anatomic labels reflects the amount of overlap with the activated clusters.
- Table 3
Correlation of habitual reappraisal (Emotion Regulation Questionnaire) with the 3 activated clusters of the interaction effect, patients with ADHD (negative view > neutral view) > healthy controls (negative view > neutral view)*
Cluster Healthy controls ADHD Difference r p r p z p Cluster 1 0.079 0.652 0.512 0.005 −1.842 0.033 Cluster 2 0.051 0.773 0.389 0.037 −1.362 0.087 Cluster 3 −0.070 0.690 0.452 0.014 −2.112 0.017 ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
↵* We computed Pearson correlation coefficients for both groups and compared them using Fisher z and normal distribution. However, the same pattern of correlations arises when nonparametric Spearman coefficients that are less susceptible to distorted distributions are computed.
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