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Figures
- Figure 1
Results from multiple regression analysis of the effect of anhedonia on BOLD response during a loss condition, displaying clusters in the bilateral insula and orbitofrontal cortex. Axial (z = 68) and sagittal (x = 12) views of the region of interest. Colour bar depicts TFCE scores (pFWE = 0.05 after TFCE). BOLD = blood-oxygen-level-dependent; FWE = family-wise error; TFCE = threshold-free cluster enhancement.
- Figure 2
Scatterplot depicting peak BOLD response in the right OFC, from multiple regression analysis with anhedonia scores as covariates. Pearson correlation: r = −0.176, p = 0.016. BOLD = blood-oxygen-level-dependent; OFC = orbitofrontal cortex; SASPAS = Social and Physical Anhedonia Scale.
- Figure 3
Scatterplot depicting peak BOLD response in the right insula, from multiple regression analysis with anhedonia scores as covariates. Pearson correlation: r = −0.227, p = 0.002. BOLD = blood-oxygen-level-dependent; SASPAS = Social and Physical Anhedonia Scale.
Tables
Characteristic Value* Z score Age, yr 37.62 ± 11.73 (18–63) – Female/male 92/90 – Psychiatric history No. of depressive episodes 4.43 ± 5.28 (1–40) – No. of lifetime months in a depressive state 28.29 ± 30.3 (1–156) – No. of hospital treatments 2 ± 1 (1–9) – Questionnaire scores Beck Depression Inventory 28.09 ± 8.72 (10–53) – Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression 23.00 ± 4.82 (12–42) – Social and Physical Anhedonia Scale 17.47 ± 7.81 (1–38) −2.11 to 2.63 Medications† Medication load index 2.62 ± 1.51 (0–8) −1.74 to 3.57 SNRI 92 – SSRI 46 – NaSSA 38 – NDRI 3 – Tricyclic antidepressant 10 – Mood stabilizer 12 – First-generation antipsychotic 9 – Second-generation antipsychotic 70 – Other 24 – None 11 – Psychiatric comorbidities† Anxiety disorder 74 – Dysthymia 9 – Obsessive–compulsive disorder 9 – Posttraumatic stress disorder 11 – Eating disorder 12 – Alcohol or substance use disorder‡ 9 – Somatoform disorder 3 – None 93 – NaSSA = noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant; NDRI = norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors; SD = standard deviation; SNRI = serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
↵* Values are n or mean ± SD (range).
↵† Multiple entries possible per patient.
↵‡ Excluding dependence.
Cluster Region, hemisphere Cluster size, k MNI coordinates at peak, x, y, z TFCE F1,357 pFWE Cluster 1 2234 −30, 22, −4 6147.35 15.49 < 0.001 Insula, left Putamen, left Caudate nucleus, bilateral Pallidum, left Ventral striatum, bilateral Anterior, lateral and posterior orbitofrontal cortex, left Inferior fronto-orbital cortex, left Anterior cingulate cortex, left Cluster 2 2202 32, 26, −6 7376.92 14.38 < 0.001 Insula, right Putamen, right Pallidum, right Caudate nucleus, right Ventral striatum, right Anterior, medial and posterior orbitofrontal cortex, right Inferior fronto-orbital cortex, right Cluster 3 2066 6, 4, 38 4277.24 12.07 < 0.001 Anterior and middle cingulate cortex, bilateral Posterior cingulate cortex, right Cluster 4 54 −34, 50, −14 6108.14 17.94 < 0.001 Anterior and lateral orbitofrontal cortex, left Inferior fronto-orbital cortex, left Cluster 5 41 16, 22, 6 381.07 5.38 0.027 Caudate nucleus, right FWE = family-wise error; MNI = Montreal Neurological Institute; TFCE = threshold-free cluster enhancement.
↵* The region of interest comprised the orbitofrontal cortex, insula, cingulate cortex, caudate nucleus, putamen and nucleus accumbens. Analyses were performed using TFCE with a voxel threshold of pFWE < 0.05 and a minimum cluster volume threshold of k > 30.
- Table 3
Interaction analysis: condition (“reward” or “loss”) × anhedonia (Social and Physical Anhedonia Scale)*
Cluster Region, hemisphere Cluster size, k MNI coordinates at peak, x, y, z TFCE F1,357 pFWE Cluster 1 1131 32, 26, −6 38470.00 24.75 < 0.001 Putamen, right Insula, right Superior, middle and inferior fronto-orbital cortex, right Cluster 2 897 −30, 22, −4 31536.95 26.62 < 0.001 Pallidum, left Putamen, left Insula, left Triangular part of inferior frontal cortex, left Superior temporal pole, left Inferior fronto-orbital cortex, left Cluster 3 669 6, 4, 38 21788.72 20.62 0.001 Anterior and middle cingulate cortex, bilateral Supplementary motor area, left Superior medial frontal cortex, left Cluster 4 265 4, −42, 26 8999.51 15.36 0.011 Middle and posterior cingulate cortex, bilateral Precuneus, right Cluster 5 146 14, −8, 20 9379.14 17.37 0.010 Caudate nucleus, right Cluster 6 63 −12, −38, 40 4133.92 11.52 0.037 Middle cingulate cortex, bilateral Cluster 7 32 −34, 50, −14 30624.36 30.7 < 0.001 Middle and inferior fronto-orbital cortex, left FWE = family-wise error; MNI = Montreal Neurological Institute; TFCE = threshold-free cluster enhancement.
↵* The region of interest comprised the orbitofrontal cortex, insula, cingulate cortex, caudate nucleus, putamen and nucleus accumbens. Analyses were performed using TFCE with a voxel threshold of pFWE < 0.05 and a minimum cluster volume threshold of k > 30.
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