Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1
Illustrations of the amygdala (top row) and the hippocampus (bottom row) as segmented by FreeSurfer in a control participant. Segmentations are overlaid on the participant’s anatomic MRI.
- Figure 2
Correlations between PANSS-N scores at 1-year follow-up and BDNF levels, left amygdala relative volume and PANSS-N scores at baseline. BDNF = brain-derived neurotrophic factor; PANSS-N = Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, negative subscale.
Tables
Characteristic Patients
n = 50*Healthy volunteers
n = 50*Statistical test p value Effect size† Age, yr 26 (24–30.25) 26 (23–30) t = 992 0.07 d = −0.36 Female 22 (44%) 22 (44%) χ2 = 0.16 0.42 V = 0.08 Relative volume, mL Left hippocampus 2.64 ± 0.27 2.77 ± 0.35 t = −3.63 0.047 d = −0.42 Right hippocampus 2.78 ± 0.31 2.84 ± 0.36 t = −2.13 0.048 d = −0.18 Left amygdala 1.01 ± 0.14 1.11 ± 0.14 t = −4.26 0.001 d = −0.71 Right amygdala 1.14 ± 0.15 1.24 ± 0.14 t = −4.32 0.001 d = −0.69 Duration of untreated psychosis, d 31 (8–115) — — — — Cannabis user 29 (58%) — — — — Tobacco use, cigarettes/d 4.5 (0–14) — — — — Diagnosis Schizophreniform disorder 18 (36%) — — — — Psychosis not otherwise specified 28 (56%) — — — — Brief psychotic disorder 4 (8%) — — — — Benzodiazepine treatment 43 (86%) — — — — BDNF, pg/mL 45.27 ± 27.14 — — — — PANSS positive subscale score 24.88 ± 6.74 — — — — PANSS negative subscale score 16.86 ± 6.65 — — — — PANSS general pathology score 43.68 ± 8.27 — — — — PANSS total score 85.24 ± 15.76 — — — — CDSS score 1.22 ± 2.02 — — — — GAF score 29.7 ± 8.89 — — — — - Table 2
Association of sociodemographic, volumetric and clinical characterics with PANSS negative score and persistent negative symptoms at 1-year follow-up: univariate analysis
Characteristic PANSS negative score at 1 year p value Effect size* Persistent negative symptoms at 1 year p value Effect size* Age r = −0.07 0.69 — t = 0.76 0.45 d = 0.08 Sex t = 1.95 0.06 d = 0.64 χ2 = 0.24 0.81 V = 0.24 Male 18.58 ± 5.68 — — 68.8% — — Female 14.93 ± 5.71 — — 31.2% — — Relative volume Left hippocampus r = −0.25 0.12 — t = 1.01 0.32 d = 0.37 Right hippocampus r = −0.21 0.19 — t = 1.21 0.23 d = 0.44 Left amygdala r = −0.51 0.001 — t = 2.47 0.018 d = 0.91 Right amygdala r = −0.31 0.05 — t = 1.83 0.08 d = 0.57 Duration of untreated psychosis r = 0.29 0.07 — t = −1.53 0.14 d = −0.48 Cannabis use t = −1.2 0.32 d = −0.32 χ2 = −0.51 0.62 V = 0.21 Non-user 16.21 ± 5.5 — — 43.8% — — User 18.1 ± 6.25 — — 56.2% — — Tobacco use r = −0.27 0.10 — t = 1.49 0.14 d = 0.46 Chlorpromazine equivalent at 1 year r = 0.09 0.59 — t = 0.34 0.74 d = 0.11 Benzodiazepine treatment t = −1.61 0.12 d = −0.64 χ2 = 1.93 0.17 V = 0.41 BDNF, baseline r = −0.4 0.012 — t = 2.93 0.006 d = 1.01 PANSS negative subscale score, baseline r = 0.41 0.009 — — PANSS positive subscale score, baseline r = −0.27 0.09 — t = 1.23 0.23 d = 0.39 CDSS score, baseline r = −0.16 0.34 — t = 0.45 0.66 d = 0.14 GAF score, baseline r = −0.26 0.12 — t = 2.12 0.07 d = 0.72 BDNF = brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CDSS = Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia; GAF = Global Assessment of Functioning; PANSS = Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.
↵* Cohen d or Cramer V.
Predictor R2 B (95% CI) p value Model 1 0.253 < 0.001 Relative left amygdala volume, mL −24.14 (−37.98 to −10.31) 0.001 Model 2 0.391 < 0.001 Relative left amygdala volume, mL −23.2 (−35.89 to −10.51) 0.001 BDNF at baseline −0.08 (−0.13 to −0.02) 0.007 Model 3 0.478 < 0.001 Relative left amygdala volume, mL −21.09 (−33.14 to −9.03) 0.001 BDNF at baseline −0.07 (−0.12 to −0.02) 0.011 PANSS negative subscale score at baseline 0.26 (0.04 to 0.48) 0.021 BDNF = brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CI = confidence interval; PANSS = Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.
Predictor −2 log-likelihood Nagelkerke R2 χ2 OR (95% CI) p value Step 1 44.09 0.27 χ21 = 8.71 0.06 BDNF at baseline 0.96 (0.93 to 0.99) 0.018 Step 2 33.16 0.53 χ22 = 19.62 Left amygdala relative volume 0.99 (0.98 to 0.99) 0.010 BDNF at baseline 0.93 (0.88 to 0.98) 0.012 BDNF = brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.
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