Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1
Topological properties and simulated lesion analysis of the thickness-based covariance network. The left panel shows the results of the morphology covariance network constructed on the Destrieux Atlas with 148 regions of interest. The right panel shows the results of the morphology covariance network constructed on the Desikan–Killiany Atlas with 68 regions of interest. The first row shows the results of comparing the average of local efficiencies between patients with first-episode MDD and healthy controls; we detected no significant differences. The second row shows the results of comparing global efficiency between patients with first-episode MDD and healthy controls; we detected a consistently significant difference in both atlases. The third row shows the results of targeted attack, and the fourth row shows the results of random attack; in patients with first-episode MDD we detected decreased resistance to targeted attack in both atlases, but decreased resistance to random attack only in the Destrieux Atlas. FDA = functional data analysis; HC = healthy control; MDD = major depressive disorder.
- Figure 2
Nodes with significant altered local efficiency of the thickness-based morphology covariance network. The left panel shows the results of the morphology covariance network constructed on the Destrieux Atlas with 148 regions of interest. The right panel shows the results of the morphology covariance network constructed on the Desikan–Killiany Atlas with 68 regions of interest. The upper row shows increased local efficiency of the left superior frontal gyrus in patients with first-episode MDD. The bottom row shows increased local efficiency of the right paracentral lobule in patients with first-episode MDD. The nodes with increased local efficiency are highlighted in yellow circles in the brain images. FDA = functional data analysis; HC = healthy control; MDD = major depressive disorder.
Tables
Characteristic Patients with first-episode MDD
n = 76Healthy controls
n = 66Statistical test t or χ2 p value Sex, male/female 33/43 32/34 χ2 = 0.36 0.55 Age, yr 26.38 ± 9.213 24.47 ± 6.73 t = 1.42 0.16 Education, yr 13.95 ± 2.81 13.61 ± 3.97 t = 0.57 0.57 Duration of illness, mo 11.36 ± 17.61 – – – HAM-D-17 score 19.63 ± 5.93 – – – HAM-A score 17.43 ± 7.07 – – – BPRS score 34.20 ± 7.64 – – – CTQ score (range)† 49.97 ± 12.89 (25–74) 36.95 ± 9.68 (25–67) t = 4.89 < 0.001 BPRS = Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; CTQ = Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; HAM-A = Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HAM-D-17 = 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; MDD = major depressive disorder.
+ Values are mean ± standard deviation, except for sex.
↵† Missing CTQ data: 15 of 76 patients with first-episode MDD and 2 of 66 healthy controls had missing CTQ records.
- Table 2
Global properties of morphology covariance networks constructed from the Destrieux Atlas*
Measure Patients with first-episode MDD
n = 76Healthy controls
n = 66p value Thickness-based network Local efficiency Original 0.807 0.792 0.24 Random-null 0.687 ± 0.006 0.687 ± 0.006 Global efficiency Original 0.671 0.692 0.021 Random-null 0.801 ± 0.008 0.803 ± 0.008 Targeted attack Original 66.22 70.74 0.027 Random-null 70.40 ± 1.42 70.51 ± 1.40 Random attack Original 71.61 73.16 0.007 Random-null 72.78 ± 0.36 72.79 ± 0.38 Surface area–based network Local efficiency Original 0.759 0.759 0.94 Random-null 0.762 ± 0.005 0.762 ± 0.006 Global efficiency Original 0.695 0.695 0.74 Random-null 0.695 ± 0.0003 0.695 ± 0.0003 Targeted attack Original 73.34 72.99 0.29 Random-null 73.01 ± 0.25 73.02 ± 0.26 Random attack Original 73.38 73.37 0.65 Random-null 73.37 ± 0.24 73.38 ± 0.24 Gyrification-based network Local efficiency Original 0.834 0.823 0.37 Random-null 0.825 ± 0.008 0.820 ± 0.009 Global efficiency Original 0.689 0.690 0.70 Random-null 0.690 ± 0.002 0.690 ± 0.002 Targeted attack Original 71.00 72.00 0.37 Random-null 71.58 ± 0.89 71.50 ± 0.97 Random attack Original 73.21 73.27 0.57 Random-null 73.20 ± 0.11 73.19 ± 0.13 MDD = major depressive disorder.
↵* Global properties (averaged local efficiency and global efficiency) and resilience (targeted attack and random attack) of the 3 morphology covariance networks (thickness-based, surface area–based and gyrification-based) are presented. Values are mean ± standard deviation.
- Table 3
Nodes with significant altered local efficiency based on morphology covariance networks constructed from the Destrieux Atlas (n = 148)*
Node Patients with first-episode MDD
n = 76Healthy controls
n = 66p value Thickness-based network Left posterior-ventral part of the cingulate gyrus Original 0.05 0.77 0.004 Random-null 0.83 ± 0.21 0.83 ± 0.21 Left triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus Original 0.87 0.75 0.005 Random-null 1.00 ± 0.03 1.00 ± 0.03 Left superior frontal sulcus† Original 0.87 0.75 0.003 Random-null 1.02 ± 0.03 1.02 ± 0.03 Right paracentral lobule and sulcus† Original 0.91 0.79 0.005 Random-null 1.06 ± 0.03 1.06 ± 0.03 Right posterior-ventral part of the cingulate gyrus Original 0.11 0.78 0.002 Random-null 0.92 ± 0.16 0.92 ± 0.17 Right central sulcus Original 0.92 0.77 0.001 Random-null 1.06 ± 0.04 1.05 ± 0.04 Surface area–based network Left marginal part of the cingulate sulcus Original 16.64 21.30 0.003‡ Random-null 20.57 ± 0.94 20.57 ± 0.91 Gyrification-based network NA MDD = major depressive disorder; NA = not applicable.
↵* Brain nodes with significant altered local efficiency are presented separately by network. Values are mean ± standard deviation.
↵† Showed a significant difference in local efficiency in both the Destrieux and Desikan–Killiany atlases.
↵‡ p < 1/148 or 0.0067.
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